The Progressive Age 1901-1910
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Transcript The Progressive Age 1901-1910
The Progressive Age 1901-1917
Chapter 28-29
What was the Progressive
Movement ?
• To use the
Government as an
agency to improve
human welfare by
attacking:
– Monopolies
– Child Labor
– Corruption
– Social Injustices
The Muckrakers
• Investigative
Reporters &
Journalists who
wrote about the
abuses happening
in American society.
• Roosevelt gave
them their nickname
Jacob Riis’s – How the Other
Half Lives
•Photographer that showed
urban poverty
• Upton Sinclair
• Wrote “The Jungle” 1906
• Exposed Chicago Meat
Packing industries &
Gruesome working
conditions
Frank Norris – Wrote the
Octopus 1901
•Exposed Corrupt politicians
conspiring with SO Pacific
railroad to exploit CA Farmers
• Ida Tarbell 1904
– History of the Standard
Oil Company
– Targeted its abuses
Lincoln Steffens
- The Shame of the
Cities 1904
- Exposed municipal
corruption (political
machines)
Social Gospel
• Combining of Protestant
Religion & Humanitarian
work to
• Urban areas
• Help with poverty &
immigrants (Jane
Adams)
– Settlement Houses
– Salvation Army
Reforming Local & State Politics
• Home rule Charters – Cities got more power from
the states
• National Municipal League – carried out
investigations to help w/Urban problems
• City Manager System – placed executive &
legislative powers in the hands of a few non
partisan basis
• Cities pressed for ownership of Utilities (Water &
Gas)
• Minimum & Maximum Wage wk hours set some
provided recreational & daycare facilities
State Level Reforms
•
•
•
•
Attempts to ban child labor
Minimum & maximum hour wage laws for women
Workers Comp. to protect them on the Job
Pensions for women & children if dad or husband
was killed on the job
• Building Codes, State Inspection Acts why? All due
to the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
• Business like Railroads, insurance companies, food
Industries begin to be regulated
Triangle
Shirtwaist Fire
• New York 1911
• Killed around 150 workers
mainly young women
• Many jumped to their deaths
• Weak Fire Escapes
• Managers locked the doors
Best State Reformer: Senator
Robert La Follette from Wisconsin
• Model Progressive State
• Corrupt Practices Act –
political figures liable for
wrongdoing
• Limited Campaign funds
• Focused on:
–
–
–
–
–
Conservation
Taxes
Education
Highway Construction
Politics
Progressive
Women
• Charlotte Perkins –
Wanted female financial
independence
• Margaret Sanger –
wanted Legalized Birth
Control set up 1st Clinic
1916
• Alice Paul – Civil
disobedience wanted the
vote
• Jeannette Rankin – 1st
women to congress 1917
Progressive Amendments
• 16th Amendment 1913 – Instituted an
Income Tax
• 17th Amendment 1913 – Direct Elections of
Senators
• 18th Amendment 1919 – Banned the
making, selling, and transportation of Alcohol
• 19th Amendment 1920 – Granted Women
the right to vote
TR’s Square / Fair Deal 1901-1908
• 3 C’s (Control
of:
–Corporations
–Consumer
Protection
–Conservation
There are Good & Bad Trust
• 1902 United Mine Workers went on Strike in PA
their demands were
– 20% higher wages, 9 hr workday, recognition as a union
Tr’s Reaction:
-In fear of winter approaching invited both the UMW & Coal
operators to the Whitehouse to negotiate but the operators
refused to try & negotiate so TR threatened to send in the
U.S. Army to work the mines
-The Operators gave in quickly and met some demands
-10% wage increase & 9 hr workday
Attacking Corporations & Helping
Consumers
Created the Dep. Of Commerce & Labor 1903
Elkins Act 1903 – Railroad Companies to charge only
Published Rates
Bureau of Corporations – investigate antitrust violators
Example: Northern Securities v. U.S. 1904 = the court
ordered the company to be dissolved (they controlled all long
distance railroads west of Chicago)
The Hepburn Act 1906 – Empowered the Interstate
Commerce Commission by setting railroads rates & regulations
Pure Food & Drug Act 1906 – Federally inspected meat &
Medicine
Conservationism
• Newlands Reclamation
Act Bill + 150 mill acres to
national forest
• Estab. The Conservation
Congress
• Appt. Gifford Pinchot to
head the Dept. of
Agriculture’s Division of
Forestry
• Boy Scouts
• Sierra Club
Roosevelt Panic 1907
• 1904 TR decides not to run
again
• 1907 Panic on wall Street
Broke Out
• The Blame was put on TR
– 1908 Congress passed
Aldrich Vreeland Act – let
banks issue emergency
currency backed by various
kinds of collateral
• Taft was
groomed to take
over after TR
since he was he
VP
• But . . . Taft will
turn out very
differently and to
a degree Taft
and TR will
become enemies
Taft’s Dollar
Diplomacy
• Urged Americans to invest
money abroad
• Improve U.S. Foreign
Policy
• Help Stabilize foreign
countries
• Wanted to inject in
Manchuria, China & help,
prevent Japan & Russia
from monopolizing the
railroads
• Pumped money into
Honduras & Haiti
• Also sent troops &
money to:
–Cuba
–Dominican Republic
–Nicaragua – U.S. sent
2500 marines & left
them for 13 yrs
–All part of the Monroe
Doctrine
Taft the Trustbuster
• Brought 90 suits
a/g trusts in 4 yrs
compared to TR’s
44 in 7 ½ yrs
• 1911 Supreme
Court dissolved
the Standard Oil
Company why?
– It violated the
Sherman Anti-trust
Act 1890
Issues that Divide the Republican
Party
• Payne Aldrich Tariff 1909 – 40% tax on
imports (went a/g his parties beliefs)
• The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy 1910 –
Sided with Conservative Ballinger (Sec. of the
Interior) & opened up 1 mill acres of land that
TR had set aside for conservation
• Brought an Anti-Trust Suit a/g the U.S. Steel
Corp. after TR promised the Govt. would not
So . . .TR Runs Again
Chapter 29: 1912-1916 Wilson
as President
Wilsonian Progressivism: 1912 Candidates
1. Dr. Woodrow Wilson – Democrat Party
–
New Freedom Program – called for; stronger antitrust
legislation, banking reform, tariff reductions, favored
small businesses
2. TR Roosevelt – Bull Moose Party
–
New Nationalism – Gov. should control the bad trust
leaving the good trust alone, female suffrage, social
welfare,
3. William Taft – Republican Party
Wilson Tackles
the Triple Wall
of Privilege
• Tariffs'
• Banks
• Trusts
Tariff
• Passed the
Underwood
Tariff – lowered
tariffs on
imported goods
& created the
16th amendment
Income Tax
Bankers
•Wanted to fix our National
Banking & Currency systems
(due to the Panic of 1907)
•Federals Reserve Act 1913
– oversaw a system of 12
regional reserve districts each
with its on central bank. Each
has the power to issue paper
money
•Helped us get through WW 1
Taming the Trusts
• Federal Trade Commission Act –
investigate trusts activities & stop unfair trade
practices (unlawful competition, false
advertising, adulteration, & bribery)
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act – exempted labor
unions from being called Trusts and legalized
strikes & peaceful picketing for labor unions
Other Legislation
• Federal Farm Loan Act 1916 & the
Warehouse Act of 1916 both helped get
farmers loans w/ low interest
• Adamson Act – gave 8hr work day w/
overtime pay
• Also worked on legislation to help improve
the treatment of our sailors
Foreign Policy: A new Direction
• Isolationist
• Stopped Dollar Diplomacy
• Made Congress repeal the Panama Canal
Tolls act of 1912 (Which had previously
kept Americans from having to pay a toll)
• Jones Act1916 - gave Philippines territorial
status & promised Indep. As soon as they
could reach a stable govt.
• Diffused tension between
Japan in 1913 when CA
banned Japanese land
ownership (Sec. of state
W.J. Bryan smoothed things
over.
• Tension in Haiti 1915 &
Dominican Republic1916
broke out – sent marines in
• 1917 bought Virgin Islands
from Denmark
Trouble in Mexico?
• 1913 Mexico Revolted sick of
the poverty ‘
• New political group with the
help of the U.S. ambassador
murdered the president & put
General Victoriano Huerta as
President of Mexico
• This led to massive
immigration to U.S.
• This bloodshed attacked
Americans in Mexico
• Wilson refused to get involved
he did allow guns to flow to
Huerta’s enemies
Huerta
– Venustiano Carranza
– Francisco “Pancho” Villa
• Violence Escalated in
1914 when American
Sailors were arrested in
Tampico, Mexico
• Wilson used the Navy to
seize port of Vera Cruz
wanted to get rid of
Huerta (stop a German
ship from delivering guns
and arms to his men)
• Argentina, Brazil, & Chile
stepped in to put down
Huerta regime and in July
1914 eh falls from power
Villa the
Freedom
Fighter
Robin Hood or Murderer ?
• Pancho Villa - Rival to
President Carranza begin
challenging his authority &
U.S.’s
– Killed 16 miners in N.
Mexico
– Columbus NM– murdered
another 19 Americans
– RESPONSE: Wilson sent
General John J. Pershing
to put down this bandit but
failed to capture Villa
Causes of WW 1
• The Rise of Nationalism
• The growth of Imperialism
• The formation of sometimes-secret
military alliances
• Increased Militarism
World War 1 Starts 1914
• A Serbian patriot killed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(Austro-Hungarian heir)
• Wilson did not want to get
involved in this DRAMA
remember (isolationists)
issued a neutrality
proclamation quickly
Central Powers
•Germany
•Austria-Hungary
•Turkey
•Bulgaria
Allied Powers
•France
•Britain
•Russia
•Japan
•Italy
•America
Can America Maintain Neutrality? Hmmm
probably not!!!!!
Why . . . .. ?
From the start we don’t like Germany or their ruler
Kaiser Wilhelm II because he resorted to
violence in our factories & ports (Briefcase
incident NY 1915 sabotage) The Blockade
begins………………
Economics of War:
• At the start U.S. was in a business recession but
. . .as war progressed we started producing
mass amounts of trade with the British & French
which needed supplies etc. . .
• Also J.P Morgan loaned 2.3 billion to the allied
powers to help their cause
• Germany hated this prosperity “trade” due to the
British blockade Germany and its central powers
were having a hard time getting around them to
trade with America (what can you do?)
• In retaliation German U-Boats 1915 would start sinking
ships around the British West Isles
• Warned Wilson mistakes may happened so be aware
• Wilson’s reply. . .Strict Accountability (were watching you
Germany)
• Sadly a British passenger
ship Lusitania was
torpedoed May 7, 1915
• 1,198 (128 Americans) died
• Americans were FURIOUS
• 4, 200 cases of weapons
•
Wilson’s Response:
Strong letters we mean business stop
sinking unarmed ships = Germany agreed
to the Sussex Pledge = would no longer
attack merchant ships without warning
(that’s better) if America agreed to make
Britain stop their illegal blockade !!! Hmm
………… OK
Wilson still CLUNG to neutrality going in to
his 2nd term but it was getting harder &
harder he knew
The last straw . . . . . . .
• The Zimmerman
Telegraph
- Arthur Zimmerman
wrote a letter to
Germany asking
them to ally
themselves with
Germany, in return
Germany would give
Texas & other lost
land back back to
Mexico