Transcript Water Supply Networks Dimensioning
Topic I. 9. Water Supply
Networks Dimensioning Determination of Design Water Flowrates (Water Quantities) Design Flows Division
Take off (distributed) flow
Crossover flow
Fire flow
1
Determination of Design Water Flowrates (Water Quantities) Take off (Distributed) Flow
l
Specific water quantity - q
0
, l/s.m
q 0 = (Q max,h -
Q c ) /
l r
,
l/s.m
Q max,h
total hourly maximal consumption of the settlement, l/s
Q c l r
concentrated (big) consumption, l/s -
l r
reduced length of the pipe, m
=
.l
, m - real pipe length, m reducing coefficient;
= 1 at the pipes with bilateral take off along its length;
= 0,5 at the pipes with unilateral take off along its length
2
Determination of Design Water Flowrates (Water Quantities)
Design water flowrate -
Q d
, l/s
Q d =
.q
0 .l
r + Q cr , l/s Q cr
crossover flowrate, l/s - coefficient of equivalent distribution flowrate;
= 0,5 - 0,6
Crossover flowrate -
Q cr
, l/s
Q cr = q 0 .
l r +
Q c + Q f , l/s Q f
- fire flwrate, l/s
3
Design Flows Division
Q п.р - sum of the take off flows of all the pipes, fed by the one under consideration Q п.р - the current pipe take off (distributed) flow Q k - concentrated (big) take off flows, fed by the pipe under consideration Q пп - fire flow Q tp - the current pipe crossover flow Q op - design flowrate (water quantity)
4
Hydraulic Calculations Pressure Pipe Flow Parameters
Flowrate - Q
Velocity - v
Pipe diameter - D
Hydraulic gradient - I
Head losses - h
Coefficient of head losses -
5
Hydraulics Relationships
Q
v
.
.
D
2 4
(1) Continuity equation
v
1 8 .
g
.
D
.
I
4 2 .
log 2 , 51 .
v
.
D
.
3 , 7 .
D
(2) Chezy equation (3) Collebrook - White equation
h
I
.
l
.
l D
.
v
2 2
g
(4) Darcy - Weisbah equation
6
Pressure Pipe Dimensioning
Number of flow parameters - 6
Necessary number of hydraulics equations - 6
Available number of hydraulics equations - 4
Number of flow parameters to be accepted - 2
7
Branched Distribution Network Dimensioning Without (a) and with (b) fixed service reservoir position a)
8
Branched Distribution Network Dimensioning Accepted (Known) Flow Parameters
I. Without fixed service reservoir position
Flowrate - known, calculated in advance according to the definite method
Velocity - accepted in a range, as follows: • mean economical velocities - v = 0,6 - 0,9 m/s for D < 300 mm; v = 0,9 - 1,5 m/s for D > 350 mm • low limit for the velocity - v > 0,3 m/s • upper limits for the velocity - v < 2 m/s, normally; v < 3 m/s, with fire
9
Branched Distribution Network Dimensioning Accepted (Known) Flow Parameters
I. With fixed service reservoir position
Flowrate - known, calculated in advance according to the definite method
Mean hydraulic gradient - known, calculated through the service reservoir elevation and dynamic head at the critical point - M:
I mean
H
l
10
Branched Distribution Network Dimensioning Auxiliary Dimension Tools
Tables
Graphs
Equations - hydraulic, empirical
11
Looped Distribution Network Dimensioning Main Approaches: I. Virtual transfer of the looped network into branched one
Definition of the flows directions (according to the branches lay out) Calculation of the design flowrates for every pipe Dimensioning of the pipes and calculation of the head losses Determination of the dynamic hydraulic head spatial distribution and the service reservoir elevation (position) II.Considering the hydraulic connections in the real looped network
Preliminary definition (acceptation) of the flows directions in the network
Considering of the mass conservation low (continuity equation) at every node of the network
Considering of the energy conservation low (head losses balance) at every arbitrary chosen loop (ring) of the network
12
Looped Distribution Network Dimensioning Continuity equation
Q = 0
Q - algebraic sum +Q - flows entering the node -Q - flows leaving the node
Head losses balance
h = 0 or
s.Q
= 0
s - head losses lump coefficient (Darcy - Weisbah coefficient, where is a non-linear function of Q):
s
8 .
.
l D
5 .
2 .
g
If neglecting
dependence of Q, the following relationship is valid:
s.Q
2 = 0
13
Looped Distribution Network Dimensioning
Head losses balance
For the head losses balance keeping, a correction flowrate - q is introduced, according to the design method of Lobachev - Kross (Lobachov,1932; Hardy Cross, 1936):
q =
h / 2.
s.Q , l/s
h - head losses misbalance value at the relevant network loop (ring)
s.Q - head losses at the relevant network loop (ring) The correction flowrate values - q for every pipe in the network are calculated applying the iterative calculation procedure over entire the network. Since both the mass and head losses balances have to be considered simultaneously at every node and loop of the network, respectively, calculations include simultaneous solution of system of N-number equations (N = number of nodes - 1, plus number of relevant loops) at every step of iteration. The number of unknown (searched for) water flowrates - Q is equal to the number of the pipes in the loop network and therefore is equal to N. The calculations are performed by means of computer and
14
relevant software.
Looped Distribution Network Dimensioning Head losses balance (scheme)
15