Transcript Aseptic Processing Operation
Seminar on
Aseptic Processing operation
by Ranjith Kumar kankala.
M.Pharm (I sem) Department of Pharmaceutics
BLUE BIRDS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Affiliated to Kakatiya university Warangal 2009
Schedule (contents)
Introduction to aseptic processing, Aseptic Processing vs. Terminal Sterilization contamination: Sources and control, Microbial environmental monitoring Microbiological testing of air and water Characterization of aseptic process, Media and incubation conditions.
Conclusion References
Aseptic Processing
Aseptic Processing is the processing of drug components ( drug product, containers, excipients, etc.) in a manner that makes impossible of microbiological contamination of the final sealed product.
“ Sepsis
is a serious medical condition characterized by a whole-body
inflammatory
state caused by
infection
.” Progression of Symptoms Fever Decreased Blood Pressure Rapid Breathing and Heart Rate Skin Lesions Spontaneous Blood Clotting Organ Failure Death
Causes of sepsis
Sterile drug manufacturers should have a keen awareness of the public health implications of distributing a non-sterile product. Poor cGMP conditions at a manufacturing facility can ultimately pose a life-threatening health risk to a patient
.”
Asepsis
is the practice to reduce or eliminate contaminants (such as bacteria , viruses , fungi , and parasites ) from entering the field to prevent infection . Ideally, a field is "sterile" — free of contaminants — a situation that is difficult to attain. However, the goal is elimination of infection.
Producing drug products by
Terminal sterilization Aseptic processing Product containers are filled and sealed under high-quality environmental conditions designed to minimize contamination, but not to guarantee sterility. Product in its final container is subject to a sterilization process such as heat or irradiation. Drug product, container, and closure are subject to sterilization separately, and then brought together. Because there is no process to sterilize the product in its final container, it is critical that containers be filled and sealed in an extremely high –quality environment .
Terminal Sterilization
Drug Product Container / Closure Sterilization Process Sterile Drug Product ! Excipiants
Drug Produc t
Aseptic Processing
Sterilization Process Sterile Drug Product Container Sterilization Process Sterile Container Closur e Sterilization Process Sterile Closure Aseptic Processin g Sterile Final Product Excipient Sterilization Process Sterile Excipient Can use multiple sterilization processes each optimized for the individual component
Contaminating agents
Bacteria, virus, fungi and other viable microbes cause a serious contamination.
Bacterial spores and endotoxins Non viable Particles like dust, fibers, or other material are suspended in the air and may contaminate product.
Humans and bacteria
Over 200 different species of bacteria are found associated with humans.
Bacteria are found in the intestines, eyes, nares, mouth, hair and skin .
Dry skin can have 1000’s of microbes / mm 2 !
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Scanning EM. CDC .
Sources of Contamination:
Personnel born contaminants
Poor or improper Sanitization:
executed Procedures deficient, or poorly
Air born contaminants
.
Inadequate HEPA seal
(over 90% vials contaminated)
Velocity through HEPA Filters:
velocity at work surface.
Variable velocities between filters. Inadequate laminar flow resulted. Low or undetectable
Mechanical failure
of filling tank; main pump failure; cooling system leaks at joints.
Control
1 st step – eliminating the source of contamination
!
2 nd Step - Reduce the Risk of contamination through:
Sterile barriers
Surface monitoring
Aseptic technique
Gowning (sterile barrier)
If people are a major source of contamination we avoid contaminating the product while we process it.
Surface Monitoring
Touch or Contact plates - RODAC Plates (Replicate Organism Detection and Counting) Swabs
Aseptic Technique (skill)
Contact sterile materials only with sterile instruments:
Operators should not contact sterile products, containers, closures, or critical surfaces with any part of their gown or gloves Keep the entire body out of the path of unidirectional airflow Approach a necessary manipulation in a manner that does not compromise sterility of the product
What’s wrong with this picture?
CORRECT
Unidirectional airflow
The operator should never come between the air source and the product .
pressure differential b/n critical area from external environment (17.5-50 Pa) Horizontal airflow www.ors.od.nih.gov/ds/pubs/bsc/graphics/fig3.gif Vertical airflow
Disinfectants
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (70%)
Powerful disinfectant Effectively kills bacteria and fungi Mode of action: denatures proteins, dissolves lipids and can lead to cell membrane disintegration. But does not inactivate spores!
e.g., phenols, Alcohols, Aldehydes etc.,
Sporicidal agents
Glutaraldehyde Formaldehyde sodium hypochlorite Iodine and iodophors Peroxygens Ethylene oxide P- Propiolactone
Isolators
Advantage:
No direct contact between operator & product.
Microbial Environmental Monitoring: Identification
Microbial identification should extend to the species level.
Routine traditional techniques phenotypic and biochemical.
Genotypic techniques are suggested for failure investigations.
Identifying Microbes
Phenotypic technique Gram Stain
Biochemical Assays
Reduction of Tetrazolium Violet
Staphylococcus xylosus
Genotypic Methods
Use DNA sequence (often ribosomal RNA genes rDNA) to identify organism Faster, and more accurate then traditional biochemical and phenotypic techniques
QC Micro:
Identifying Microbes
Genotype Based Assay: PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
Endotoxin Testing
Endotoxin:
a pyrogenic (fever inducing) substance (e.g. lipopolysaccharide) present in the bacterial cell wall. Endotoxin reactions range from fever to death. LAL Assay (Limulus amoebocyte lysate)
ENDOTOXIN LIMIT FOR WFI IS 0.25 EU/ml
Extremely heat stable – recommended conditions for inactivation are 180 0 C for 3 hours.
Microbiological testing of water
Universal solvent ,Used as Vehicle and used to rince and cleaning of apparatus Water should also be tested for presence of coliforms and/or pseudomonads if appropriate (may cause biofilm) Water should be tested using R 2 A agar (low nutrient for the recovery of water borne organisms) incubated for at least 5 days at 30-35°C Sampling procedures should follow those used in production
Microbiological testing of air
Compressed Air/Nitrogen/CO 2 Air sampling should be done and tested for the presence of non-viables and viables by exposure to the environment. Pressure control orifices should be used to provide a steady stream of air.
Fall out plate Slit sampler ( slit-to-agar sampler)
Slit Sampler (New Brunswick Scientifics Model STA-230 Slit-to-Agar Air Sampler.)
Characterization of aseptic process The four pillars of a robust * aseptic process
Personnel training & monitoring Environmental monitoring Facilities design Media fills
Personnel Training & Monitoring
Avoiding contamination means knowing the potential sources of contamination Personnel Equipment Air/liquids Drug product Containers/closures Outside environment Anything Brought in contact with, or in the vicinity of, the product is a potential source of contamination!
Environmental Monitoring
The goal of the environmental monitoring program is to provide meaningful information on the quality of the aseptic processing environment during production as well as environmental trends .
Environmental Monitoring
Sampling 7.
Critical (processing) areas 8.
4.
Sampling of adjacent classified areas (aseptic corridors, gowning rooms, etc) will provide trend data and may help identify sources of contamination . 5.
13. .
12 11.
10.
1.
9. 6.
2.
3.
Facilities: General Clean room Design
HEPA/ULPA filters on ceiling Exhaust vents on floor Airlocks and interlocking doors to control air balance Seamless and rounded floor to wall junctions Readily accessible corners Floors, walls, and ceilings constructed of smooth hard surfaces that can be easily cleaned Limited equipment, fixtures and personnel Layout of equipment to optimize comfort and movement of operators
Facilities: Clean room Classification
FS209 Cleanroom classification ISO 14644-1 Cleanroom classification ≥0.5um particles/m3 100,000 10,000 8 7 3,520,000 352,000 1000 100 6 5 35,200 3,520 Viable Microbes (cfu/m3) 100 10 7 1 Ave Airflow Velocity (fpm) Air changes/hr 5-10 10-15 5-48 60-90 25-40 40-80 150-240 240-480
Facilities:
Clean room Classification
Class 10,000 clean room http://www.americancleanrooms.com/am/photogallery_08.html
Class 100 clean room
Facilities: HEPA Filters
High Efficiency Particulate Air filters Minimum particle collection efficiency: 99.97% for 0.3µm diameter particles.
Disposable Filter made of pleated borosilicate glass http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/lab_arch/nano_facilities/hepa.gif
Media Fill test
Used to validate the aseptic process Use microbial growth media instead of drug product-any contamination will result in microbial growth.
It doesn’t provide a direct relation for sterility but gives an adequate evaluation for operational processing steps.
Media and Incubation conditions Soybean casein digest medium (SCD) Fluid thioglycollate medium (FTM) for anerobes Inoculated with < 100 cfu challenge At least 14 days incubation 30-35°C for SCD, 20-25°C for FTM temperatures should be monitored product produces suspension, flocculation or deposit in media, suitable portions (2-5%) should be transferred to fresh media, after 14 days, and incubated for a futher 7 days
Theoretical Evaluation
Whyte mathematical model contamination is due to air borne microbes Cont rate (c) = 0.0032.d
2.
A.t
d = equivalent particle diameter A= area of container opening (cm 2 ) t = time (sec)
PostScript (conclusion)
The challenge in aseptic processing is always personnel: As a source of microbial and Particle contamination.
As a brake on the implementation of Improved technology.
REFERENCES
Encyclopedia of pharm.technology
RUSSELL A. D.. Bacterial Spores and Chemical Sporicidal Agents.
clinical microbiology reviews
. 3(2): 99-119 (1999) .
http://www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/steraseptic.pdf
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/images/4453 http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/lps.jpg
http://micro.med.harvard.edu/faculty/rudner.html