Transcript komunikasi wireless

KOMUNIKASI WIRELESS
Sukiswo
[email protected]
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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Pendahuluan
 Tujuan : menjelaskan dasar-dasar
komunikasi wireless
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Outline
 Komunikasi Wireless / Nirkabel
 Pemanfaatan Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Macam2 Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Standard Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Evolusi Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Kontent & Aplikasi
 Spektrum Frekuensi
 Frekuensi Carrier / Kanal
 Mode Komunikasi
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Sistem Komunikasi menggunakan
frekuensi/spektrum radio, yang memungkinkan
transmisi (pengiriman/penerimaan) informasi
(suara, data, gambar, video) tanpa koneksi fisik
 Dibedakan dari sistem transmisi yang memerlukan
koneksi fisik, seperti kabel/kawat tembaga atau
fiber optik
 Bersifat tetap (fixed) atau bergerak (mobile)
 Dibatasi oleh ketersediaan spektrum (pita
frekuensi), karena adanya interferensi (saling
mengganggu) jika digunakan bersama
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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Komunikasi Nirkabel
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Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang
elektromagnetik
 Gelombang elektromagnetik
• Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x108 m/s)
• Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang (l)
» c=fxl
• Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya
medium meredam lebih besar
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Komunikasi Nirkabel
 Dapat dilakukan “dimana saja” (mobile)
 Bisa bersifat lebih personal
 Dibatasi oleh sifat antarmuka terminal:
– Layar kecil (ponsel) sampai menengah (laptop)
– Tombol terbatas
– Daya terbatas
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Klasifikasi Komunikasi Nirkabel
Non
Cellular
Fixed
Wireless
contoh :
point to point communication, infra
red communication, LMDS,
Microwave communication
contoh :
Cellular
Wireless
Communication
Non
Cellular
Mobile
Wireless
PHS, CT2, PACS, DCS1800,
DECT
contoh :
paging system (ERMES, NTT, NEC)
, dispatching system, PAMR (Public
Access Mobile Radio) dsb
contoh :
Cellular
GSM, CDMA/IS-95, AMPS, UMTS,
PHS, DCS1800, NMT450, TACS,
C-450, CDMA 2000 dsb
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Pemanfaatan Teknologi Nirkabel
 Layanan Bersifat tetap (fixed):
– Penggunaan sekitar rumah (Cordless-DECT)
– Sambungan lokal (wireless local loop-WLL)
– Bluetooth: jarak pendek, kecepatan rendah
– WiFi: jarang menengah, kecepatan cukup tinggi
– WIMAX: jarak jauh, kecepatan tinggi
– Satellite: jangkauan luas, kecepatan menengah
– RFID: jangkauan sangat kecil
 Layanan Bersifat bergerak (mobile):
– Limited Mobility (Flexi)
– Cellular (GSM, CDMA, 3G)
– Satellite (GMPCS)
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Macam2 Teknologi Nirkabel
Degree of mobility
Driving
UMTS
CDMA
Systems
beyond 3G
>2010
GSM
GPRS
Standing
Walking
UMTS
HSDPA
EDGE
EV-DO
EV-DV
IEEE
802.16e
FlashOFDM
(802.20)
DECT
WLAN
(IEEE 802.11x)
BlueTooth
0.1
1
IEEE
802.16a,d
10
100
Mbps
User data rate
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Standard Nirkabel
IEEE 802.21, IEEE 802.18 802.19
IEEE 802.15.4
(Zigbee Alliance)
Sensors
(BAN)
IEEE 802.22
RAN
WAN
IEEE 802.20
IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.16d
WiMAX
IEEE 802.11
Wi-Fi Alliance
IEEE 802.15.3 UWB,
Bluetooth
Wi-Media, BTSIG,
MBOA
MAN
LAN
PAN
RFID
(AutoID Center)
BAN: Body Area Network
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
GSMA, OMA
ETSI HiperMAN
&
HIPERACCESS
ETSI-BRAN
HiperLAN2
ETSI
HiperPAN
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System Evolution Scenario
st
Generation 1 Generation
(Cellular) Analog voice
2nd Generation
Digital voice &
Low rate data
3rd Generation
4th Generation
ALL-IP Broadband
Voice & High speed
Ubiquitous & Seamless
data
Multimedia
WLAN++
1000
）
Maximum transmission
rate
TRmax Mbps
（
WLAN+
802.11n, etc.
WiMAX
100
WLAN
802.11a,HiSWANa, UWB, etc.
HIPERLAN2, etc.
3G+
Nomadic
HSDPA,
10
4G
cdma2000(3X), etc.
3G
Bluetooth, etc.
W-CDMA,
Cdma2000, etc.
Local
1
0.1
Mobile
0.01
2G+
PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
2G
PDC,GSM,PHS, etc.
～1990
1995
2000
2005
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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2015
Year
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GSM Evolution
GSM CS
Up to 9,6 Kbps
2G
UMTS
Up to 2 Mbps
or 384 in mobility
GSM GPRS
Up to 115 kbps
GSM HSCSD
Up to 38,4 kbps
3G
2.5G
EDGE
Operators prefer choose direct going to GPRS technology rather than going to
GSM HSCSD technology because no HSCSD handset availability and short time stage
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CDMA Standards Evolution
IS-95A CDMA
Voice, packet9.6/14.4 Kbps
IS-95B CDMA
Voice, packet64 Kbps
IS-2000 1X 144 Kbps
600 Kbps peak
IS-2000 1XEV-DO
600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DV
2-5 Mbps peak
All IP
Source: CDMA2000-A world view
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IMT-2000 (Family of Standards)
IMT-2000 Terrestrial
Radio Interfaces
IMT-2000
CDMA
Direct Spread
WCDMA
(UMTS)
IMT-2000
CDMA
Multi Carrier
CDMA2000
1X and 3X
CDMA
IMT-2000
CDMA
TDD
IMT-2000
TDMA
Single Carrier
UTRA TDD
And TD-SCDMA
UWC-136/
EDGE
TDMA
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
IMT-2000
FDMA/
TDMA
DECT
FDMA
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Content & Aplikasi
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Spektrum frekuensi
104
102
100
10-2
Radio
Spectrum
104
106
108
10-4
10-6
Micro
IR
wave
1010
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Alokasi Frekeunsi !
1012
10-8
UV
1014
1016
Visible light
10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16
X-Rays
1018
1020
Cosmic
Rays
1022
< 30 KHz
30-300KHz
300KHz – 3MHz
3 MHz – 30MHz
30MHz – 300MHz
300 MHz – 3GHz
3-30GHz
> 30 GHz
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
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Contoh : panjang gelombang
 GSM :
– Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm
 PCS
– Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm
 Bluetooth:
– Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz
– Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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Frequency Carrier/Kanal
– Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver
dilewatkan pada band frekuensi tertentu.
• Disebut sebagai kanal (channel)
– Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap
(dalam KHz) dan kapasitas (bit-rate)
– Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat
digunakan untuk mentransmisikan informasi
secara paralel dan independen (konsep multiple
access).
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Example
– Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base
frequency b for communication between stations A and
B
– Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
– There are 3 channels
– Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one
way)
– For full duplex communication:
» Use two
different
Channel
1 (b -channels
b+30) (front and reverse
channels)
Station A
Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60)
Station B
» Use time division in a channel
Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)
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Simplex Communication
 Normally, on a channel, a station can
transmit only in one way.
• This is called simplex transmision
 To enable two-way communication (called
full-duplex communication)
• We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
• We can use Time Division Multiplexing
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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Duplex Communication - FDD
 FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
Mobile
Terminal
M
Forward Channel
Reverse Channel
Base Station
B
Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency
bands
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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Duplex Communication - TDD
 TDD: Time Division Duplex
Mobile
Terminal
M
M
B
M
B
M
B
Base Station
B
A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time
slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.
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Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation
in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel
991 992
…
1023
1
Forward Channel
…
2
799
824-849 MHz
991 992
…
1023
1
2
…
799
869-894 MHz
Channel Number
Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799
991 <= N <= 1023
Center Frequency (MHz)
0.030N + 825.0
0.030(N-1023) + 825.0
Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799
0.030N + 870.0
991 <= N <= 1023
0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
TeknikTelekomunikasi Seluler, Sukiswo ST, MT
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What is Mobility
 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is
designed assuming the user terminals are
static
• No change of location during a call/connection
• A user terminals accesses the network always from a
fixed location
 Mobility and portability
– Portability means changing point of attachment
to the network offline
– Mobility means changing point of attachment to
the network online
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Degrees of Mobility
 Walking Users
• Low speed
• Small roaming area
• Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access
 Vehicles
•
•
•
•
High speeds
Large roaming area
Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
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The Need for Wireless/Mobile Networking
 Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
– Anywhere, anytime computing and
communication
• You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
– Pushing the computers more into background
• Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
• Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make
your life more easier.
– Computers should be location aware
• Adapt to the current location, discover services
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