Transcript 08GWH Chapter 10
Splash Screen
Peasants, Trade, and Cities
Medieval Christianity
Section 3:
Culture of the High Middle Ages
The Late Middle Ages
Chapter Menu
Chapter Intro
Chapter Intro
Peasants, Trade, and Cities
How do advances in agriculture affect both farmers and city dwellers?
Section 1-Main Idea
Content Vocabulary
•
carruca
• manor • serfs • money economy • commercial capitalism • bourgeoisie • patricians • guilds • apprentice • journeymen • masterpiece Section 1-Key Terms
Academic Vocabulary
• technology • crucial
People and Places
• Venice • Flanders Section 1-Key Terms
The New Agriculture
(cont.)
• The European population doubled in size between 1000 and 1300.
• The large population increase in Europe was due in part to a more peaceful environment and changes in
technology
.
• Food production was increased by using scythes, axes, and hoes.
Section 1
The New Agriculture
(cont.)
• A new plow called the
carruca
led to the growth of farming villages. People had to work together to buy the iron needed to make the plow and share the team of animals needed to pull the plow.
• Europeans also started using three-field rotations, harnessing wind and water, and using animal power to save labor and produce more crops.
Section 1
The Manorial System
(cont.)
• The
manor
was an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by serfs.
•
Serfs
provided labor services, paid rents, and were subject to the control of the lord.
• The life of European peasants was very simple. They lived in wood framed cottages, generally consisting of one or two rooms.
Section 1
The Manorial System
(cont.)
• The seasons of the year dictated peasant activities. • Religious holidays provided peasants with time away from work and brought them into contact with the Church.
• Peasant women had to work in the field, raise children, and manage the household.
The Peasant’s Wheel of Life
Section 1
The Manorial System
(cont.)
• Grains were used for making bread, the daily food of peasants, and ale. Vegetables, cheeses, and sometimes meat supplemented the meals of peasants.
• Water was not easy to obtain, so wine was the drink of the upper classes and ale was the drink of the poor.
Section 1
The Revival of Trade
(cont.)
• Cities in strategic locations, such as
Venice
and
Flanders
, grew in size and wealth. • Trade fairs were initiated by cities to encourage more trade.
Section 1
The Revival of Trade
(cont.)
• As trade increased, demand for gold and silver coins increased. Eventually, a
money economy
replaced the barter system.
• New trading companies and banking firms led to the economic system of
commercial capitalism
.
Section 1
The Growth of Cities
(cont.)
• The revival of trade led to a revival of cities.
• Merchants and artisans moved into these newly revitalized cities and became known as
bourgeoisie
.
• The people in the cities and towns slowly gained their independence from local lords. The cities created their own governments, and
patricians
were elected legally or illegally.
Medieval Trade Routes
Section 1
The Growth of Cities
(cont.)
• Medieval towns were surrounded by stone walls and were cramped and dirty. Pollution and the threat of fire plagued the city inhabitants.
• People began to organize themselves into business associations. These
guilds
played a leading role in the economic life of cities. Section 1
The Growth of Cities
(cont.)
• A person who wanted to learn a trade went through a series of steps. • People started as unpaid
apprentices
, earned wages as a
masterpiece
.
journeyman
, and could become a master by producing a Section 1
Section 1-End
Medieval Christianity
What happens when there is no separation of church and state?
Section 1-Main Idea
Content Vocabulary
• lay investiture • interdict • sacraments • heresy • relics
Academic Vocabulary
• pursue • remove Section 2-Key Terms
People, Places, and Events
• Papal States • Pope Gregory VII • Henry IV • Concordat of Worms • Pope Innocent III • Cistercians • Hildegard of Bingen • Franciscans • Dominicans • Saint Francis of Assisi • Assisi • Inquisition Section 2-Key Terms
The Papal Monarchy
(cont.)
• The popes of the Catholic Church had political and religious power since they controlled the
Papal States
.
•
Pope Gregory VII
wanted to free the Church of political interference from lords and kings and ended the practice of
lay investiture
.
• Gregory claimed that the pope had authority over the entire Christian world including its rulers. If rulers did not accept this, they would be
removed
.
Section 2
•
The Papal Monarchy
(cont.) Henry IV
of Germany disagreed with the pope’s view and a struggle known as the Investiture Controversy ensued.
• Under the
Concordat of Worms
agreement in 1122, a bishop in Germany was elected by the Church, and then the bishop paid homage to the king.
Section 2
The Papal Monarchy
(cont.)
• Papal power was strengthened under
Pope Innocent III
who used the
interdict
get his way.
to • People feared not receiving
sacraments
, and pressured rulers to listen to the pope.
Section 2
New Religious Orders
(cont.)
• In 1098, a group of monks who were unhappy with the lack of discipline at their monastery started the
Cistercian
order.
• Women increasingly became involved in religious orders. Intellectual women, such as
Hildegard of Bingen,
found convents a haven for their activities.
Section 2
New Religious Orders
(cont.)
• In the 1200s, the
Franciscans
preach to the poor.
were founded by
St
.
Francis of Assisi
. Francis was a wealthy merchant from
Assisi
who decided to give up his worldly possessions and • The Franciscans became popular for their simplicity and devotion to the poor.
Section 2
New Religious Orders
(cont.)
• The Dominican order was founded by Dominic de Guzmán. • The Dominicans were dedicated to defending Church teachings from
heresy
.
• To deal with heretics, the Church created the
Inquisition
. This court had regular proceedings to find and try heretics. Section 2
Religion in the High Middle Ages
(cont.)
• The Church in the High Middle Ages played a vital role in the lives of Europeans.
• Some people, because of their holiness, were called saints and were revered by the people.
•
Relics
were usually the bones of saints or objects connected to saints. • Worshipping relics and pilgrimages to holy sites were important to European Christians.
Section 2
Section 2-End
Content Vocabulary
• theology • scholasticism • vernacular • chanson de geste
Academic Vocabulary
• construction • corporation Section 3-Key Terms
People, Places, and Events
• Bologna • Paris • Oxford • Aristotle • • Saint Thomas Aquinas
Summa Theologica
Section 3-Key Terms
Architecture
(cont.)
• In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, churches were built in the Romanesque style.
• The
construction
of the Romanesque churches was similar to the basilicas of the Roman era, except that instead of flat roofs, they had arched vaults.
Section 3
Architecture
(cont.)
• Romanesque churches required massive pillars to hold up the stone roofs, and had little light due to the lack of windows.
• A new style, called Gothic, utilized ribbed vaults and flying buttresses to allow for higher ceilings and thinner walls. • Gothic cathedrals were spectacular churches with stained-glass windows that symbolized the spirituality of the people. Section 3
Universities
(cont.)
• The High Middle Ages saw the rise of universities.
• The first European university was established in
Bologna
, Italy. Soon, universities were set up in
Paris
, France, and
Oxford
in England. • Students could earn a doctorate in law, medicine, or
theology
.
University Locations
Section 3
Universities
(cont.)
• Theology, the most highly regarded subject, was influenced by
scholasticism
.
• Scholasticism attempted to reconcile Christian teachings with the works of the Greek philosophers such as
Aristotle
, who reached conclusions by rational thought, not by faith.
• In the 1200s,
Saint Thomas Aquinas
wrote his masterpiece
Summa Theologica
which concluded that reason could not conflict with truths arrived at through faith.
Section 3
Vernacular Literature
(cont.)
• Latin was the universal language used in the Church and schools.
• New literature began to be written in
vernacular
, or everyday speech.
• The most popular vernacular literature of the twelfth century was troubadour poetry. •
Chanson de geste
, or the heroic epic, was also popular.
Section 3
Section 3-End
The BIG Idea
Devastation of War
Disastrous forces overwhelmed Europe in the fourteenth century with lasting consequences.
Section 4-Main Idea
Content Vocabulary
• • anti-Semitism • new monarchies
taille
Academic Vocabulary
• abandoned • consequences Section 4-Key Terms
People, Places, and Events
• Black Death • Pope Boniface VIII • King Philip IV • Avignon • Great Schism • John Hus • Henry V • Agincourt • Joan of Arc • Orléans • Isabella • Ferdinand Section 4-Key Terms
The Black Death
(cont.)
• During the 1300s, the
Black Death
killed approximately one-third of the European population.
• The plague generally followed trade routes. It devastated urban centers, and villages in Germany and England were wiped off the map.
• The Black Death’s most common form was the bubonic plague, which was spread by fleas on rats.
Spread of Black Death
Section 4
The Black Death
(cont.)
• The disease was so lethal, that family members often had to
abandon
one another.
• Effects of the Black Death: – Approximately one-third to one-half of the population killed – Rise in
anti-Semitism
– Decline in trade, labor shortages, and decreased demand for food
Spread of Black Death
Section 4
Decline of Church Power
(cont.)
• In the 13 th century, a struggle began between
Pope Boniface VIII Philip IV
and
King
of France over the king’s right to tax the clergy.
• The struggle ended when Boniface VIII died after fleeing Philip’s forces. Philip then engineered the election of a French pope,
Clement V
, in 1305.
Avignon
Section 4
Decline of Church Power
(cont.)
• Clement V moved to
Avignon
in southern France. From 1305 to 1377 popes lived in Avignon.
• The election of the Italian Pope Urban VI was declared invalid by French cardinals, who elected a French pope which began the
Great Schism
.
Section 4
•
Decline of Church Power
(cont.) John Hus
, a Czech reformer, was burned at the stake for heresy for his attempts at reforming the Church.
• Both the papacy and the Church lost political and religious power due to the crises of the fourteenth century.
Section 4
The Hundred Years’ War
(cont.)
• The Hundred Years’ War began in 1337 when the king of France seized the English controlled duchy of Gascony in France.
• At the Battle of Crécy in 1346, English archers using longbows devastated the French knights.
Hundred Years’ War
Section 4
The Hundred Years’ War
(cont.)
• In 1415, the English king
Henry V
again defeated the French at the Battle of
Agincourt
and the English controlled northern France.
• A peasant named
Joan of Arc
believed that God had chosen her to save France. The inspired French army seized
Orléans
.
• The French eventually won the war in 1453, aided by the use of the cannon and gunpowder.
Section 4
Political Recovery
(cont.)
• In the 1400s, a number of new rulers in Europe attempted to centralize power and establish
new monarchies
.
Section 4
Political Recovery
(cont.)
• The New Monarchies: – France • France became unified after the Hundred Years’ War.
• There was a permanent royal income due to increased
taille
.
• The monarchy relied on the lesser nobles and middle class for royal power.
• Industry and commerce was promoted.
Section 4
Political Recovery
(cont.)
– England • The Tudor dynasty was established when Henry Tudor ended the Wars of the Roses.
• Henry VII abolished private armies.
• Henry VII became popular with his low taxes.
Section 4
Political Recovery
(cont.)
– Spain • During the Middle Ages, Christian kingdoms regained land from the Muslims.
• The Christian kingdoms were unified when Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469.
• Ferdinand and Isabella enforced strict conformity to Catholicism.
Section 4
Political Recovery
(cont.)
• The Holy Roman Emperor was a position held by the Hapsburg dynasty of Austria.
• Eastern Europe was unable to centralize due to religious and political differences. • In Russia, Ivan III overthrew the Mongols and established a new Russian state by 1480.
Section 4
Section 4-End
Society in the HIGH MIDDLE AGES
• Farming inventions and efficient use of land contributed to population growth.
• Under the manorial system, serfs were legally bound to the land they worked for the lord.
• Revival of trade changed the economy from a barter system to one based on money.
• As trade grew, cities expanded and became manufacturing and trade centers.
VS 1
CATHOLICISM, INNOVATIONS, AND INTELLECTUAL REVIVAL in the Middle Ages
• Political power of the Catholic Church peaked during the papacy of Pope Innocent III.
• Religious fervor led to new monastic orders. • Advances in technology allowed the building of impressive Gothic cathedrals.
• Europe’s first universities were founded.
• Popular troubadour poetry and heroic epic poems were written in the vernacular.
VS 2
Disruptive Forces of the LATE MIDDLE AGES
• The Black Death spread through Europe, devastating societies and economies.
• The Great Schism damaged the Church’s power and divided Europe.
• In the Hundred Years’ War, peasant foot soldiers, not knights, won the chief battles.
• Recovery began in the late 1400s as new monarchies emerged in France, England, and Spain.
VS 3
VS-End
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