AP18 French Rev - San Gabriel Mission High School
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The Age of Enlightenment
APERO – Chapter 17
18th Century – The Age of
Enlightenment
An intellectual
movement
That spread
throughout Europe’s
literate circles
Key Ideas of the Enlightenment
1. Reason – Truth through logic
Informed thinking about social issues
Absence of superstition, intolerance
Humans should rely on reason, not
miracles, to improve society
Key Ideas of the Enlightenment
2. Nature, Natural Laws, Natural Rights
Natural laws can regulate both the
universe and human society
Natural laws can be discovered by human
reason
Liberty & Freedom a natural right
Key Ideas of the Enlightenment
3. Happiness
Happiness as an inalienable human right
Humans should not accept misery in this
world to find salvation in the hereafter
(social reform is possible)
Key Ideas of the Enlightenment
4. Progress
The belief in social progress
Political and economic reform would
improve society and allow for progress
“Philosophes”
Critical of everything!
Political
Philosophers/Social
Critics
Applied rules of
reason, criticism, and
common sense to
their writings
The Spread of Enlightenment
Ideas
1. The Rise of Print
Culture:
Books, journals,
newspapers,
magazines reached
wider audiences in
the 18th century
People exposed to
new ideas
The Spread of Enlightenment
Ideas
2. Writers as Social
Critics
Philosophes able to earn
a living through writing
Exchanged
ideas/opinions/perspectiv
es
Allowed for the
emergence of public
opinion
The Spread of Enlightenment
Ideas
3. Coffeehouses
Allowed for public
discussion of social/
Political issues
A place for
intellectuals to
exchange ideas
Voltaire (1694-1778)
Most influential of the
philosophes
AKA: Francois- Marie
Arouet
Prolific writer
Wrote: Candide
(1759) – a satire
attacking war,
religious persecution,
and human optimism
The Quotable Voltaire
1. “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend
to the death your right to say it”
2. 2“God gave us the gift of life; It is up to us to give
ourselves the gift of living well”
3. “Common sense is not so common”
4. “ Judge a man by his questions rather than his answers”
5. “everyman is guilty of all the good he did not do”
The Encyclopedia
Printed 1751-1772
Denis Diderot chief editor
of the Encyclopedia
Collective effort- 100
authors
importance:
1. Disseminated
Enlightenment thinking
2. Freedom of expression
3. Source of knowledge
Quotable Diderot
“all things must be examined, debated,
investigated without exception and without
regard for anyone’s feelings” – Denis Diderot
Shift in Political Ideology
Old idea:
“ a monarch’s rule is
justified through
divine right”
New Idea:
“ a government’s
power comes from
the consent of the
governed”
Baron de Montesquieu (16891755)
Wrote: Spirit of Laws
(1748)
Concluded that the
Ideal government
would separate power
into:
Executive, judicial, &
legislative branches
Quotable Montesquieu
Jean -Jacques Rousseau (17121778)
Committed to defending
freedom and changing
existing social order
1. Novel Emile – argued
for a “natural education”
Children are entitled to an
education
Education should be
individualized “every
mind has its own form”
Jean -Jacques Rousseau (17121778)
2. Social Contract
agreement among
free individuals to
create a society &
government
“ man is born free,
and everywhere he is
in chains”
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Wrote: Wealth of
Governments should
not interfere with
business
Laissez -faire
Nations (1776)
economics (let them
be)
Emergence of
classical economic
thought
Mary Wollstonecraft:
Wrote: A Vindication
of the Rights of
Women
Argued :
that women, like men,
needed education to
become “virtuous &
useful”
That women, like men
had the capacity of
human reason
Criticized Rousseau’s view
of women
Quotable Mary Wollstonecraft
“Strengthen the female
mind by enlarging it,
and there will be an
end to blind obedience”
Enlightenment Ideas…
1. Inspired
Revolutions and
Independence
Movements of the
1700’s and 1800’s
2. Redefined the
relationship between
government and
those governed
Enlightened Absolutism
Philosophes urged Europe’s absolute rulers
to use their power for the good of the
people
Catherine the Great (ruled 17621796)
German princess
married off to
Russian heir, Peter
III (1745)
A few months after
he was crowned
tsar, he was
murdered
Catherine The Greats’
Enlightened Reforms
1. Corresponded
with Voltaire,
invited Denis
Diderot to her
court
2. supported
Russia’s first
private printing
press
Catherine The Greats’
Enlightened Reforms
3. Restricted the
act of torture
4. limited reform to
her own authority
Catherine the Greats’ Not so
Enlightened Policies
1. Territorial
expansion
Along with Prussia
and Austria,
divided (and took
control of) Poland
between 17721795
The French Revolution
APEURO – Chapter 18
Causes of The French Revolution
1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order
Society divided into
The “Three Estates”
3 Social Classes
determined a person’s
status, and their
rights!
1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order
1st Estate:
Clergy
Make up 1% of the
population
Does Not pay taxes!
1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order
2nd Estate:
Nobility
2% of the population
own 25% of the land
High positions in
government, military
DO NOT PAY TAXES!
(a noble privilege)
1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order
3rd Estate:
Everyone Else!
“Bourgeoisie” –
middle class
professionals
Free Peasants
Serfs (un-free
peasants)
HAVE TO PAY TAXES!
2.France is in Debt!
From previous wars
Send $ to the
American colonists
Louis XVI & Marie
Antoinette’s
extravagant spending
2.France is in Debt!
Jacques Necker – Minister of Finance
Publishes the “Necker Report” 1781
“Everything’s Fine!”
Report discloses economic
mismanagement
People are upset
By 1786 Banks refuse to lend $ to France!
2.France is in Debt!
Charles Alexander
Calonne’s Economic
Reform Plan 1786 :
Why not tax landed
nobility?
He is quickly
replaced…
2.France is in Debt!
Marie Antoinette’s
extravagant spending
sprees…
1 dress cost 20X’s
what a skilled
worker earned in a
year!
Spent $ on clothes,
shoes, accessories,
parties, re-decorating
Versailles…
2.France is in Debt!
Marie Antoinette is
nicknamed…
“Madame Deficit”
3. Cost of Living Increases
Peasant situation
worsened:
Price of food rose
Crop failures 17881789 led to
bread shortages!
Peasant’s anger rose
Causes of the French Revolution
1. Inequality of Social Classes
Taxes
2. France in debt
Extravagant spending of Marie A. & Louis XVI
3. Cost of Living Increased
Tensions rose
No money for food or basic necessities
Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
**
Palace of Versailles
Was Built by Louis
16th’s grandfather
“The Sun King” Louis
14th
Most extravagant
palace in all of Europe
Marie Antoinette
Born in 1755
Austrian Princess
Had 14 Brothers and
Sisters
Marie the favorite
@ Age 15…
A marriage arranged
To the Crown Prince
of France, Louis 16th
“an advantageous
match”
She was sent to
Versailles
The Wedding, 1770
Marie and Louis are
married
They are both 15
The Coronation, 1774
Louis’ Father died
And
Louis and Marie were
crowned King and
Queen of France
AT AGE 19!!!
Louis XVI
Described as “homely,
awkward & antisocial”
he’s obsessed with
collecting KEYS, and
CLOCKS.
Ignored Marie for the
first 7 years of their
marriage
Louis XVI ‘s Hobby
**
What is Marie To Do?
She spent Money!
Fashion - her passion!
Named her designer
Rose Bertin as
“Minister of Fashion”
Threw lavish
Banquets
Marie’s Hobby…
Fashion, Jewelry, Accessories, Entertaining
In France,
The official duty of the Queen was to
produce a male heir…
Controversial Marie
Decided to “act” in
the theatre!
(scandalous!)
Decided to be a
“trendsetter” !
Longed for the
“simple life” builds a
peasant village
and People gossip…
Royal Children
Meanwhile…
Fall, 1788. Financial Desperation!
Louis XVI agreed to call on the Estates
General
Estates General – representative assembly
of Three Estates
Last time assembly was called: 1614!
The French Revolution: 1789-1799
Napoleonic Era: 1799-1815
Six Phases:
1. Estates General – 1789
2. National Assembly Phase: June ,1789 - 1791
3. The Legislative Assembly Phase: 1791-1792
4. National Convention Phase: 1792-1795
5. The Directory Phase: 1795-1799
6. Napoleon Phase: 1799-1815
1. Estates General -1789
Estates General
Problem: 1st & 2nd Estate usually outvoted
the 3rd estate
Solution: the 3rd estate allowed to send
as many delegates as the other 2 estates
combined.
1. The Estates General- 1789
1789 Joseph Sieyes
wrote pamphlet:
“What is the 3rd
Estate?”
Argued that the
clergy & nobility
contributed little to
the country
3rd estate however,
the “heart” of the
country!
1. The Estates General- 1789
All invited to submit
(by estates):
Cahiers de doleances
(grievance lists)
Petitions showed:
desire for
constitutional
monarchy, restructured tax system,
guaranteed liberties
1. The Estates General -1789
Estates General
convened May, 1789
3rd estate refused to
act until King ordered
the 2 other estates to
meet with them
6 week standoff,
Some Priests joined
the 3rd estate
2.National Assembly Phase –
June, 1789-1791
Transition:
The 3rd Estate
Declared itself the
National Assembly
June , 1789 assembly
moved to an indoor
tennis court…
2.National Assembly Phase 17891791
And swore to continue to meet until
France had a new constitution…
Pledge called: The Tennis Court Oath
2.National Assembly Phase 17891791
July, 1789 –
Storming of the
Bastille
Parisian Mob attacked the
Bastille Prison
Symbol of injustice,
inequality
Hoped to seize weapons,
free prisoners
Soldiers fired at mob
2.National Assembly Phase 17891791
July, 1789
Breakdown of law and
order
Peasants broke into
manors, quit paying
taxes
Some nobles flee
(emigres)
2.National Assembly Phase 17891791
The King Accepted
the National Assembly
as new government
Tri-color flag adopted
Gave peasants
hunting rights
2.National Assembly Phase 17891791
August, 1789
Declaration of
Rights of Men and
of the Citizen
Listed basic human
rights
“all men are born free
and equal in rights”
Excluded women
2.National Assembly Phase 17891791
Response: Olympe
de Gouges wrote:
“ Declaration of Rights
of Men and of
Women”
Declared women’s rights to
education, property
within marriage, right to
initiate divorce
2.National Assembly Phase 17891791
October 5,1789
Women’s March to
Versailles
Mob of over 100,000
women demand
bread
Demanded King Louis
XVI move to Paris
3. The Legislative Assembly,
1791-1792
Factions:
1. Conservatives sat on the right (Loyal to
King)
2. Moderates sat on the center
3. Radicals sat on the left
3. The Legislative Assembly,
1791-1792
Leftist Radicals divided into 2 groups:
1. The Jacobins – Wanted to overthrow
monarchy and create a republic.
2. The Girondists- wanted to involve
France in a war that would discredit the
monarchy and extend revolutionary ideas
across Europe.
3. The Legislative Assembly,
1791-1792
June 21, 1791
Royal family attempted
to flee
500 miles away from
border…
Recognized &
Arrested
3. The Legislative Assembly,
1791-1792
Marie Antoinette’s brother King Leopold of
Austria threatened to send troops to
France to restore order…
If other European nations joined him…
No one joined him
Leopold died unexpectedly
4.National Convention Phase
1792-1795
New French Constitution went into effect
September 1, 1791
The “National Assembly” achieved their
Tennis Court Oath and changed their
name to…
“The National Convention”
4. National Convention Phase
1792-1795
A wave of patriotism spread throughout
country
September 1792 , France declared a
Republic
Slogan: “Life, Liberty, and Fraternity”
4. National Convention Phase
1792-1795
New Government
Created :
A new calendar!
(began September
1792 as month 1)
(months renamed
according to season)
The Metric System!
4. National Convention Phase
1792-1795
People now
addressed as
“citizens” (everyone
equal)
Churches converted
to “Temples of
Reason”
Religious celebrations
and holidays were
secularized
4. National Convention Phase
1792-1795
National
Convention STILL
divided
1. Girondists“revolution has gone
far enough!”
2. Jacobins – radicals
“anyone who opposes
new govt. is antirevolutionary!”
4. National Convention Phase1792-1795
The Working Class
“Sans Culottes” –
(those who wear the
long pants)
Pressed for more
extreme measures
4. National Convention Phase
1792-1795
Reign of Terror 17931794
Radical Jacobins took
over the National
Convention under the
leadership of
Maximillien
Robespierre
4. National Convention Phase
1792-1795
Robespierre sought to eliminate all
enemies of the Jacobins
Established the Committee of Public Safety
Between 20,000- 40,000 people
guillotined (from all three former estates)
Most violent period
4. National Convention Phase
1792-1795
King Louis XVI executed
for treason January, 1793
Marie Antoinette
executed Late 1793
Daughter Maria Therese
survived in Austria
Son Louis Charles died in
prison a year after
mother’s death
4. The National Convention 17921795
The Feminine symbol
of the revolution
“Marianne”
Second Constitution
of 1793, is never used
4. National Convention – 17921795
Members of National Convention turned against
Robespierre
July 1794 Maximillien Robespierre executed
July = Thermidor (heat)
The revolt against Robespierre is called The
Thermidorian Reaction
5. The Directory Phase 1795-1799
France now ruled by a committee of 5
men
Legislature made up of 2 houses: the 500,
and the elders
September ,1797 a coup d'état reduced
the directory to 3 members
5. The Directory Was Overthrown
By a young , successful general in 1799
By the name of…
Napoleon Bonaparte
6. The Napoleonic Era
1799-1815
The “post” revolution years
About Napoleon…
Born in island of
Corsica
Was not French!
Won a scholarship to
attend a prestigious
French Military
Academy
In 1796
Napoleon Married
Josephine
She was 32 (six years
older!), a divorcee
with grown sons
She helped him get a
high ranking military
position
In November, 1799
Napoleon overthrew the Directory
Although his new government appeared to
be “democratic”, he was really a dictator
And…
He was only 5 ft 2 … Or was he????
Napoleon Restored Order in
France
1. Everyone Must Pay
taxes!
2. Establishes a National
Bank! Balances budget!
3. Establishes Schools!
4. Replaces elected
officials with his trusted
friends (rewards them for
their talents)
Napoleon Restored Order in
France
5. Censorship – Newspapers cannot
critique him! # of Newspapers: from 7313
6. Restores the Church, and Religious
Holidays
7. Abandons the revolutionary calendar
8. Keeps Metric System
1804 Napoleon Declares himself
Emperor !
Coronation : return to
extravagance
Procession in Royal
Coach to Cathedral
of Notre Dame
Crowned by Pope
Imagery of Napoleon
Bees- resurrection
Eagle- military victory
Hand of justiceauthority
References to Ceasar:
laurel crown, roman
column
Symbols of monarchy:
sceptre, robe, throne,
chain
Notable Napoleon Quotes:
“A picture is worth a thousand words”
“If you want something done well, do it
yourself”
“A man will fight harder for his interests,
than his rights”
Napoleonic Code
1. Divided into criminal code and civil code
2. Citizens declared equal before law
3. Freedom of religion
4. Chapellier law forbids labor unions &
strikes
5. Men control property
6. Women had no right to her own
earnings
Society During Napoleon Years
Moving upward in
society requires
education, money,
and service to the
state…
It is possible to “move
up”
Military Genius
France was not enough!
1. Attempts to defeat
Britain’s navy in 1805
Loses the BATTLE OF
Trafalgar
RevengeThe Continental System
1806: Forces French allies
to boycott British goods.
Hopes to destroy their
economy
Military Genius
2. 1805 Defeats Austria
3. 1806 Dissolves The Holy Roman Empire
(German Principalities)
Military Genius
4. 1807-1808 Invades
Spain
forces King to
abdicate
places his brother
Joseph on the throne
Military Genius
1807 singned nonaggression pact with
Czar Alexander of
Russia
Meanwhile…
Napoleon divorced
Josephine
No male heir!
Married 18 year old
Marie Louise (he’s 40)
She produced male
heir…
(1811-1832)
Napoleon Francois <Joseph Charles
By 1812
Napoleon ruled most
of Europe
Placed bothers in
ruling positions in
conquered territories
And Then…
Czar Alexander of Russia decided to sign a
treaty with England, Betraying pact with
Napoleon!
Napoleon married Marie Louise instead of
the TSAR’S SISTER
Napoleon Furious!
He invaded Russia
1812
700,000 French
Troops
½ died due to
starvation , frostbite
and exposure to cold!
DISASTROUS
The End
Napoleon forced to
abdicate 1814
Failed suicide attempt
Exiled to Elba
Got to keep title &
income
After ALL THAT,
Louis XVIII brother of Louis XVI is
restored to the throne!
“Constitutional Monarch”
But Wait!
Napoleon returns
1815, raises an army
and regains power!
Only for 100 days
European Governments
Team up against Napoleon
Austrian, British, Prussian, Russian forces
Defeat NAPOLEON in Battle of Waterloo
(Belgium)
Napoleon
Sent to the island of
St. Helena
He dies 1821
Congress of Vienna (1815)
1. Pre- Napoleon borders restored
2. Legitimate Bourbon Monarchy restored to
France
3. England, Austria, Prussia, Russia, France form
alliance “Concert of Europe” (harmony)
4. Agree to squash revolutions & maintain order
5. Balance of power – no 1 nation can become
“too strong”