History of PE
Download
Report
Transcript History of PE
History of PE
Point of Emphasis
This
is the only course that will address
PE history, a topic included on the
Praxis II exam.
Q&A
What
can you tell me about the
history of physical education?
Background? Influences (Sociocultural?)
Current
Physical Education is the
latest rendition of all the changes
that have taken place over time.
Why
is this important?
A: Throughout their history in the U.S., k-12 physical
education programs have tended to reflect larger patterns in
American culture, people’s needs and choices regarding
physical activity, and trends in the educational system. As
you will see, the goals, content, and instruction in physical
education have evolved and will continue to grow in ways that
call for new approaches.
Overview of History
Colonial Period (late 1700’s to mid 1800’s)
Late 19th Century
Physical training, emergence of sport
Transitional Period (1900-1917)
No formalized physical education
Fitness through survival, hunting, work, little
leisure time
Emergence of gymnastic systems
Formalized curriculum
Accepted methodology
Acceptance (1917-1930)
Accepted into the mainstream school curriculum
Late 1700’s, Early 1800’s
Late 1700’s – PE had a military flavor
1823 Freidrich Ludwig Jahn’s “Turnverein”
concepts introduced to the U.S.
Turnverein – Social Gymnastics also known as
German Gymnastics
German System used heavy gymnastics “violent
and exhausting in nature”
German Turnverein
The Battle for System Dominance !
German System
Swedish System
Beecher System
Hitchcock System
Sargent System
1856 Catherine Beecher
Mother
of American PE
1852 founded the American Women’s
Education Association
1856 - Women’s physical training –
published a manual of physiology and
calisthenics
Calisthenics
Light exercises for health and beauty
Typical 1800’s gymnasium
MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY
Puritan
ethic was a prominent influence on
how PE was viewed.
Conflict between religion and the body
MC – a philosophy that made exercise and
fitness compatible with the tenets of the
faith.
PRIOR TO 1885 PHYSICAL
EDUCATION (in the broad sense)
DID NOT EXIST AS FORMAL FIELD
OF EDUCATION!!!!
1885
Adelphi Conference (1885) – Participants
pledge to improve the profession and increase
its standing. The Association for the
Advancement of Physical Education is formed
(forerunner of AAHPERD).
Names for PE: Gymnastics, physical
training, sport, physical education
Early 1900’s
Decline
of religious opposition
Immigration – introduced new activities
Urbanization, transportation, and war
dispersed activities
Growth of leisure time
Intercollegiate athletic conferences
Curb
abuses like betting (1st one - Big Ten)
Comprehensive
John
Education
Dewey; progressive education
Early 1900’s
Still
emphasis
on military-like
physical training
exercises (i.e.
calisthenics)
1918
Posture Exercises
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlZgMkaC5A
Late 1800’s, Early 1900’s
Noticeable
shift
“PE”
began diversifying its content to
include sports
Still included militaristic, calisthenics like
exercises but emphasis was waning
Culture of Physical Training gave way to
Physical Education
Formalized
PE curriculum began
developing
Accepted methodology
Formal Recognition
Umbrella
term – Physical Education
Included
dance, health education,
intramurals, camping, playgrounds,
recreation, outdoor education,
YMCA/YWCA.
NEA
officially recognizes physical
education as curricular field.
Q&A
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsports.htm
What sports were invented in the US? Typically
during the late 1800’s & early 1900’s but also into
today? Some have their roots in sports from abroad.
Lacrosse (<1630, Native Americans)
Baseball/Softball (Cartwright, ~1845, NYC)
Football (Camp, ~1875, New Haven CT)
Basketball (Naismth, 1891, Springfield, MA)
Volleyball (Morgan, 1895, Holyoke MA)
Mountain Biking (Californnia)
Pickleball (Bell and Pritchard, 1965, WA state)
La-crosse
Basketball History
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Io35RCBMQJw
1909
1920’s – 30’s
PE
became an accepted subject.
States passed mandatory PE laws
Teacher education developed
Graduate study began
Sport continued to dominate American pop
culture
1940’s
Half
of WWII military recruits were unfit
for duty; concern for fitness
Adapted PE took off due to wounded vets
Sport Takes Over
Biggest influence of the 1900’s was
sport! Now many programs began to
include Basketball, Football,
Baseball, Field Hockey, Swimming,
Racket Sports, and some “Outing
Activities”
1950’s
Eisenhower formed the President's Council
on Youth Fitness
Article portrayed American kids as weak.
60% failed fitness test compared to 6% of
European kids
Kennedy spoke openly about the need to
improve their fitness levels, including writing
an article in Sports Illustrated entitled "The
Soft American"
Late 20th Century
Recreation, sport and fitness still the
main focus.
Concerns that not all students needs
being met
Developed dance further, introduced
alternative education.
Fitness boomed with running, aerobics
(Cooper), and rope jumping
Kenneth Cooper
“Father
of the Modern Fitness Movement”
Worked with NASA to help create
astronaut conditioning program
Developed the 12-minute and 1.5-mile
fitness tests & the Aerobics Point System
Publication of Aerobics in 1960’s
Disease prevention thru aerobic exercise
Cooper Institute (developed Fitnessgram)
http://www.cooperaerobics.com/default.aspx
Late 20th Century
Title IX (1972) began addressing
gender inequity
Fitness Craze (80’s)
Increase
in emphasis
Health/looks
Have’s
and have not's
Trim/athletic
Obese/SES
Curriculum Additions to PE
Adventure/Cooperative (late 60’s)
Outward bound, project adventure, team challenge
Movement Education (70’s)
Teaching games for understanding-tactical (1986)
Hellison’s model of social responsibility (1995)
Sport education (1994)
Wellness/fitness (1990’s)
Holistic/proactive (body, mind, spirit)
Lifetime activity
Today
Sub-disciplines
Exercise
physiology
Biomechanics
Motor learning
Sport psychology
Sport history/philosophy
Subdisciplines
Anatomy
The
physical
structure of
an animal
Subdisciplines
Kinesiology
Study
of
movement
(human in our
case)
Subdisciplines
Biomechanics
Study
of the
human body as a
mechanical
system, utilizes
principles drawn
from physics.
No specific
course,
incorporated
throughout
Subdisciplines
Physiology
Functions
and
activities of living
organisms,
including all
physical and
chemical
processes.
Subdisciplines
Exercise
physiology
Study
of bodily
systems and their
reactions to
stress of
exercise.
Subdiscplines
Motor Learning
Focuses on how motor
skills are learned.
Areas: motor learning,
control, development
Categories
Initial
Elementary
Mature
Subdisciplines
Sport
Psychology
Study
of sport and
psychological
issues in sport
Intervention
examples:
Relaxation, cue
control, mental
imaging, coping,
desensitization
Kinesiology
Umbrella
term for
the total discipline
of sport and
exercise.
Today-“New PE”
Not
a specific program or curriculum but a
philosophy of being more inclusive and
lifetime oriented. Began in 90’s and is
considered the norm today.
Covered
in more depth later
Today: Down Sides
Reduction
of time allotted PE
Disparities in instruction
Roll
out the ball “gym teachers”
Marginalization
NCLB
Today: Positive Side
Increasing
fitness and wellness focus
More lifetime activities; inclusivity
Improved status
Engine for reduction in obesity and
diabetes
Greater recognition of the importance of
physical activity in many facets of life
Leaders in the Field
George Graham,
PSU
PECentral
Children Moving
Many others too
Judy Rink, USC
Standards
South Carolina
Physical Education
Assessment
Program (SCPEAP)
Depends on You
Webquest HW
Due