Transcript Byzantine Empire and Russia
Byzantine Empire
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All the empires we have studied to this point have been referred to as ancient civilizations.
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Middle Ages / Medieval Period Mesopotamia Ancient Europe.
history is the study of the written past from the beginning of recorded human history until the Early Middle Ages in
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Fertile Crescent Egypt India China The Middle Ages or Medieval Period began with the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D. and lasts to about 1500.
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Greece
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Rome
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The New Rome
395—Roman Empire split Roman Empire (West) & Byzantine Empire (East) Greeks=most of Byzantine Empire’s population Wealthy families moved to Constantinople when barbarians invaded Rome
Constantinople (crossroads of Europe & Asia) Bosporus & Dardanelles— 2 important waterways
Emperor Justinian
527- 565
Nicknamed “Emperor who never sleeps”
Justinian’s Code
Law code: Law Corpus of Civil (Justinian’s Code)
–Based on Roman laws
http://www.fordham.e
du/halsall/basis/535in stitutes.html#XV.%20 Agnate%20Tutorship .
Theodora
Justinian’s wife & advisor Allowed women to own land 532: Nika Revolt
– Theodora talked him into staying – General Belisarius- put down
revolt & won back Roman lands
Hippodrome- Chariot races (like Rome’s Circus Maximus) http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople
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http://www.livius.org/a/1/maps/istanbul_hippodrome_map.gif
Justinian wanted strength of old Roman Empire By 554— reclaimed Italy, North Africa, & Spain from Germanic tribes
– Chemical weapon “Greek fire” – After Justinian’s death, Germanic
tribes reclaimed lands
Christian Church
Emperors crowned by Patriarch of Constantinople
–Defend Christianity –Appoint Church officials
Icons (religious images)
– Iconoclasts believed having
icons was idol worship 726: Byzantine Emperor Leo III– destroyed icons
– 787: Pope in Rome-- heresy not
to allow icons (some couldn’t read & icons helped them learn Christianity)
– Church council threatened
iconoclasts with excommunication
Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each other
– 700s: Lombards invaded Italy,
Byzantine emperor refused to help Pope
– Frankish leader helped--Pepin
the Short—Pope gives him title “emperor”
– 1054: SPLIT---WEST (Roman
Catholic Church) EAST (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Church supported marriage (sacred institution) – Roman Catholic Priests not allowed to marry Divorce - difficult to get
Trade:
–Goods from Asia & Europe –Silk Road –2 Orthodox monk
missionaries brought silkworms from China
Art- religious subjects
– Icons- displayed saints – Mosaics- pieces of tile
or glass
– Religious scholars used
art in books
– Illuminated
manuscripts (decorated books)
Literature focused on salvation, obedience to God, & preserving Greek & Roman works
Architecture
532: Church of Hagia Sophia (meaning “holy wisdom”) in Constantinople
Cyril & Methodius- missionaries
–860: Cyril created
alphabet for Slavic people
–Cyrillic Alphabet-
used by Russia today
AD 1071—Seljuk Turks threaten Constantinople
Byzantine emperor asked Pope to help “defend Christianity”
Europeans went to Palestine to fight Muslims Crusades (holy wars)
1204—Venetians looted Constantinople
1453 —Ottoman Turks attacked
–Byzantine emperor killed –End of Byzantine Empire
The Slavs
Steppe- treeless grassland
Taiga- thick forests
Long, cold winters
3 major rivers
–Dnieper –Dniester –Volga
All flow North to South
The Eastern Slavs
Setting and People
3 major ethnic groups lived in the area north of the Black Sea
1.) Western Slavs
– Poles, Czechs, Slovaks – Close ties to Roman Catholic Church and Western Europe
2.) Southern Slavs
– Serbs, Croats, Slovenes – Located on the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula – Lots of contact with the Byzantines
3.) Eastern Slavs
– Largest group – Ukranians, Russians, Belarussians – Lived between the Dnieper and Dniester Rivers
Kievan Rus
800s AD- Vikings from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, Sweden) settled town of Novgorod
Vikings=Ruotsi=Rus=Russia Kiev (major trading village)
Kiev grew into group of principalities called Kievan Rus
Principalities ruled by princes
–Grand Prince—like emperor –Princes—paid tribute to GP –Boyars—landowners –Artisans & merchants –Peasants
988 AD—Grand Prince Vladimir I adopted Christianity & Cyrillic Alphabet
Yaroslav the Wise (1019 1054)
–1
st library of Kiev
–Built churches, created
1 st law code
http://z.about.com/d/goeasteurope/1/5/T/3/-/-/UkraineStSophia.jpg
1240—Mongols invaded
1240—Alexander “Nevsky” defeated Swedes at Neva River 1380—Mucovites (people of Moscow) defeated Mongols at Battle of Kulikovo
1493—Ivan III ruler of Moscow refused to pay Mongol taxes, made himself sovereign of all Russia— “Ivan the Great”
Orthodox Church called Russia the “3 rd Rome”
Ivan IV “the terrible”
Paranoid- mentally unstable
Killed his own son
Massacre at Novgorod
Took title czar “caesar”
http://www.uoregon.edu/~alayne/Images/st basil-cathedral-exterior.jpg
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