Transcript ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI

ASAS ANATOMI DAN
FISIOLOGI
Unit Berstruktur
Sel, Tisu dan Membran
Kulit
Dr. Norlena Salamuddin
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Pengenalan

Definisi
 Anatomi

Kajian mengenai struktur badan
 Fisiologi

Kajian mengenai fungsi badan
Organisasi struktur
Kimia – kesemua sebatian kimia
 Sel – gabungan sebatian kimia
 Tisu – kumpulan sel yang mempunyai tugas
yang sama
 Organ – tisu yang mempunyai fungsi yang sama
 Sistem – gabungan organ yang mempunyai
tugas yang sama
 Organisma – gabungan kesemua sistem
**Fungsi utama sistem-sistem dalam badan adalah
untuk homeostasis

Hubungkait antara sistem
Kesemua sistem melakukan fungsi
masing-masing untuk membolehkan
organisma membesar dan berfungsi
 Antara aktiviti sistem-sistem ialah
pergerakan, penghazaman, pencernaan,
pengangkutan, respirasi, sintesis, asimilasi
(penyerapan), pertumbuhan, eskresi,
regulasi, dan pembiakan

11 Sistem Badan Manusia
11 sistem dalam badan manusia adalah:
-- sistem saraf
-- sistem integumentari
-- sistem respiratori
-- sistem digestif
-- sistem perkumuhan/urinari
-- sistem rangka
-- sistem otot
-- sistem peredaran darah
-- sistem endokrina
-- sistem reproduktif
-- sistem limfatika (imunisasi)
Sel dan Tisu
Sel menjalankan kesemua aktiviti kimia
yang diperlukan untuk memastikan
kelangsungan hayat
 Tisu adalah sekumpulan sel yang serupa
dari aspek struktur dan fungsi

Sel


Sel tidak serupa tetapi
berkongsi struktur umum
Disusun kepada tiga
komponen utama:



Nukleus
Sitoplasma
Plasma membran

Nukleus
 Pusat
kawalan sel
 Mengandungi bahan genetik (DNA)

Membran plasma
 Lapisan

halangan kandungan sel
Sitoplasma
 Bahan
di luar nukleus tetapi dalam membra
plasma
 Terdiri dari sitosol, organel dan inclusion
Organel sitoplasma
Tisu
Merupakan kumpulan sel-sel khusus untuk
fungsi tertentu
 Tisu terdiri dari sel-sel yang mempunyai
struktur dan fungsi yang serupa
 4 jenis utama:

 Tisu
epitelium
 Tisu konektif
 Tisu saraf
 Tisu otot
Tisu Epitelium

Terdapat di pelbagai kawasan badan
 Menutup
badan
 Melapisi badan
 Pada kelenjar

Fungsi
 Keselamatan
 Penyerapan
 Penapisan
 Perkumuhan
Ciri-ciri epitelium
 Sel-sel yang rapat
 Satu permukaan lapisan tisu sentiasa
bebas
 Bahagian bawah diikat oleh membran
asas
 Avascular (tiada saliran darah)
 Mampu regenerate sekiranya cukup
nutrisi
Classification of Epithelium
 Number of cell layers
 Simple – one layer
 Stratified – more than
one layer
Figure 3.16a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.44a
Classification of Epithelium
 Shape of cells
 Squamous – flattened
 Cuboidal – cube-shaped
 Columnar – column-like
Figure 3.16b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.44b
Simple Epithelium
 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat
cells
 Usually forms
membranes
 Lines body
cavities
 Lines lungs and
capillaries
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Figure 3.17a
Slide 3.45
Simple Epithelium
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of
cube-like cells
 Common in
glands and their
ducts
 Forms walls
of kidney tubules
 Covers the
ovaries
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.17b
Slide 3.46
Simple Epithelium
 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall
cells
 Often includes
goblet cells, which
produce mucus
 Lines digestive
tract
Figure 3.17c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.47
Simple Epithelium
 Pseudostratified
 Single layer, but
some cells are
shorter than others
 Often looks like a
double cell layer
 Sometimes ciliated,
such as in the
respiratory tract
 May function in
absorption or
secretion
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Figure 3.17d
Slide 3.48
Stratified Epithelium
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the free edge
are flattened
 Found as a protective
covering where
friction is common
 Locations
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.17e
Slide 3.49
Stratified Epithelium
 Stratified cuboidal
 Two layers of cuboidal cells
 Stratified columnar
 Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
 Stratified cuboidal and columnar
 Rare in human body
 Found mainly in ducts of large glands
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Slide 3.50
Stratified Epithelium
 Transitional
epithelium
 Shape of cells
depends upon the
amount of stretching
 Lines organs of the
urinary system
Figure 3.17f
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.51
Glandular Epithelium
 Gland – one or more cells that secretes a
particular product
 Two major gland types
 Endocrine gland
 Ductless
 Secretions are hormones
 Exocrine gland
 Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
 Include sweat and oil glands
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.52
Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body
 Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supports the body
 Provides protection
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.53
Connective Tissue Characteristics
 Variations in blood supply
 Some tissue types are well vascularized
 Some have poor blood supply or are
avascular
 Extracellular matrix
 Non-living material that surrounds living
cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.54
Connective Tissue Types
 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Composed of:
 Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities)
 Hard matrix of calcium
salts
 Large numbers of
collagen fibers
 Used to protect and
support the body
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Figure 3.18a
Slide 3.56
Connective Tissue Types
 Hyaline cartilage
 Most common
cartilage
 Composed of:
 Abundant collagen
fibers
 Rubbery matrix
 Entire fetal skeleton
is hyaline cartilage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18b
Slide 3.57
Connective Tissue Types
 Elastic cartilage
 Provides elasticity
 Example: supports the external ear
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Slide 3.58a
Connective Tissue Types
 Fibrocartilage
 Highly compressible
 Example: forms
cushion-like discs
between vertebrae
Figure 3.18c
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Slide 3.58b
Connective Tissue Types
 Dense connective
tissue
 Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
 Cells are fibroblasts
 Examples
 Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
 Ligaments – attach
bone to bone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18d
Slide 3.59
Connective Tissue Types
 Areolar connective
tissue
 Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
 Soft, pliable tissue
 Contains all fiber
types
 Can soak up excess
fluid
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18e
Slide 3.60
Connective Tissue Types
 Adipose tissue
 Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat
globules predominate
 Many cells contain
large lipid deposits
 Functions
 Insulates the body
 Protects some organs
 Serves as a site of
fuel storage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.18f
Slide 3.61
Connective Tissue Types
 Reticular
connective tissue
 Delicate network of
interwoven fibers
 Forms stroma
(internal supporting
network) of
lymphoid organs
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Bone marrow
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Figure 3.18g
Slide 3.62
Connective Tissue Types
 Blood
 Blood cells
surrounded by fluid
matrix
 Fibers are visible
during clotting
 Functions as the
transport vehicle
for materials
Figure 3.18h
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.63
Muscle Tissue
 Function is to produce movement
 Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.64
Muscle Tissue Types
 Skeletal muscle
 Can be controlled
voluntarily
 Cells attach to
connective tissue
 Cells are striated
 Cells have more than
one nucleus
Figure 3.19b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.65
Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle
 Found only in the
heart
 Function is to pump
blood (involuntary)
 Cells attached to
other cardiac muscle
cells at intercalated
disks
 Cells are striated
 One nucleus per cell
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.19c
Slide 3.66
Muscle Tissue Types
 Smooth muscle
 Involuntary muscle
 Surrounds hollow
organs
 Attached to other
smooth muscle cells
 No visible striations
 One nucleus per cell
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.19a
Slide 3.67
Nervous Tissue
 Neurons and
nerve support
cells
 Function is to
send impulses to
other areas of
the body
 Irritability
 Conductivity
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.20
Slide 3.68
Tissue Repair
 Regeneration
 Replacement of destroyed tissue by the
same kind of cells
 Fibrosis
 Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
(scar tissue)
 Determination of method
 Type of tissue damaged
 Severity of the injury
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.69
Events in Tissue Repair
 Capillaries become very permeable
 Introduce clotting proteins
 Wall off injured area
 Formation of granulation tissue
 Regeneration of surface epithelium
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.70
Regeneration of Tissues
 Tissues that regenerate easily
 Epithelial tissue
 Fibrous connective tissue and bone
 Tissues that regenerate poorly
 Skeletal muscle
 Tissues that are replaced largely with scar
tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.71
The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System
Integument is skin
 Skin and its appendages make up the
integumentary system
 A fatty layer (hypodermis) lies deep to it
 Two distinct regions

 Epidermis
 Dermis
Functions of skin

Protection
 Cushions
and insulates and is waterproof
 Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria
 Screens UV




Synthesizes vitamin D with UV
Regulates body heat
Prevents unnecessary water loss
Sensory reception (nerve endings)
Remember…
 Four
basic types of tissue
– epidermis just discussed
Connective tissue - dermis
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelium
Skin appendages
Derived from epidermis but extend into
dermis
 Include

 Hair
and hair follicles
 Sebaceous (oil) glands
 Sweat (sudoiferous) glands
 Nails
Nails
Of hard keratin
 Corresponds to hooves and claws
 Grows from nail matrix

Hair and hair follicles: complex
Derived from epidermis and dermis
Everywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia
*“arrector pili” is smooth muscle
*
Hair bulb:
epithelial cells
surrounding
papilla
Hair papilla
is connective
tissue________________

Functions of hair
– less in man than other mammals
 Sense light touch of the skin
 Protection - scalp
 Warmth

Parts
 Root
imbedded in skin
 Shaft projecting above skin surface
Make up of hair – hard keratin
 Three concentric layers

 Medulla
(core)
 Cortex (surrounds medulla)
 Cuticle (single layers, overlapping)

Types of hair
 Vellus:
fine, short hairs
 Intermediate hairs
 Terminal: longer, courser hair

Hair growth: averages 2 mm/week
 Active: growing
 Resting phase then

shed
Hair loss
– age related
 Male pattern baldness
 Thinning

Hair color
 Amount
of melanin for black or brown; distinct form of
melanin for red
 White: decreased melanin and air bubbles in the
medulla
 Genetically determined though influenced by
hormones and environment
Sebaceous (oil) glands



Entire body except palms and soles
Produce sebum by holocrine secretion
Oils and lubricates
Sweat glands





Entire skin surface
Prevent overheating
500 cc to 12 l/day!
(is mostly water)
Humans most
efficient (only
mammals have)
Produced in
response to stress
as well as heat
Types of sweat glands

Eccrine or merocrine
 Most
numerous
 True sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of waste
 Open through pores

Apocrine
 Ducts
open into hair follices
 The organic molecules in it decompose with time - odor

Modified apocrine glands
– secrete earwax
 Mammary – secrete milk
 Ceruminous
Questions???