CH 12 Powerpoint - Sierra College Administration of Justice
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Transcript CH 12 Powerpoint - Sierra College Administration of Justice
AJ 53 –
Police Field Operations
Chapter 12 –
Arrest, Search, Custody,
And Use of Force
Police Powers of Arrest
Why is a Peace Officer’s authority to arrest such a
powerful responsibility?
It means taking away a person’s liberty!
Officers must understand/appreciate this responsibility
What determines an arrest?
Constitutional Protections
Criminal Laws
Laws of Arrest
Department Policy
Officer Discretion
Criminal Behavior
Crime requires union of…
Criminal Act (or Omission), and
Intent (or Negligence)
Types of Arrests…
Warrant
Arrest order signed by Magistrate
Specific person, charges, etc.
Without Warrant
Other circumstances allowing lawful arrest
Warrantless Arrests
by Peace Officers (836 PC)
Reasonable Cause that a crime (misdemeanor
or felony) was committed in officer’s presence
Felony committed, not in officer’s presence
Perceived by any of the senses
Elements of crimes, corpus delicti, etc.
Reasonable Cause to believe that a felony
was committed, whether or not the felony
actually occurred
Based on reasonable observation/interpretation
Arrest Considerations
Knock and Notice
Notification of Arrest to Arrestee
Authority, charges, etc. (841 PC)
Diplomatic Immunity
Requirement to announce and identify unless exigent
circumstances dictate otherwise
Ambassadors and families immune from arrest
Right to contact consular official
Entrapment
Idea of criminal activity implanted by police
Levels of Police Interaction
Consensual Contact
Detention
Person free to leave, does not have to cooperate or
answer questions
No force/coercion/restraint may be used
Person not free to leave based on Reasonable
Suspicion
Pat-down for weapons may be justified
Arrest
Actual restraint of the person or submission to
custody
Using Force to Arrest
Persuasion whenever possible, Force if
necessary!
How much force may an officer use?
Only what is reasonable and necessary
Once compliance/control achieved, force no
longer needed or justified
Officers must exercise control of…
Self – Suspect – Situation
Related Penal Code Sections
834a PC
835 PC
Citizen’s duty to refrain from resisting arrest
Officer may use reasonable restraint to arrest
835a PC
Officer may use reasonable force to
Effect arrest
Prevent escape
Overcome resistance
“Reasonable” should be defined from the
perspective of the individual officer at that
particular moment in time!
Officer Use of Lethal Force
196 PC – Justifiable Homicide by PO
In obedience to court judgment
To overcome actual resistance
Death-penalty executions
Only if deadly force being used
To retake into custody an escaped/fleeing felon
Only if escape creates imminent deadly threat
Use-of-Force Considerations
Equal in Proportion
Force used must be in equal proportion to force being
used against you
Appropriate choice of available use-of-force options
Fear
Not the same as cowardice!
What were you “afraid of” that caused you to use
force?
Important to include in reports/documentation
Use-of-Force (continued)
Imminence
Threat requires an immediate response
If threat increases, decreases, or disappears,
use-of-force response changes accordingly
Reasonable-Person Test
From viewpoint of officer using force
From viewpoint of person witnessing event
Use-of-Force Continuum
Guided by Laws & Department Policy
Various models
Ladder, elevator, spokes of a wheel
Common elements…
Command Presence, Verbal Commands
Hands-On, Control Holds, Takedowns
Intermediate Force
Lethal Force
Use-of-Force Options
Command Presence
Weaponless Defense
Arrest & Control, FBI, Koga, Cameron
Martial Arts training?
Less-Lethal
Academy & On-the-Job-Training
OC, Baton, Taser, Bean Bag, Pepperball
Lethal Force
Handgun, Shotgun, Patrol Rifle, etc.
Use of Firearms
Potentially taking a human life is an
awesome responsibility!
Safety is absolutely important at all times
Common Elements of “Shooting Policies”
Minimum Training & Qualification Standards
Drawing, Firing, etc.
Warning Shots, Vehicles, Animals, etc.
Reporting & Documentation Requirements
Follow-up Investigation Procedures
Types of Searches
Frisk or Pat-Down
Field/Arrest Search
Cursory search of outer clothing for
weapons only, during lawful Detention
Thorough search for weapons, contraband,
means of escape
Strip Search/Body-Cavity Search
At the jail during Booking
Searching Techniques
Maintain position of advantage
Maintain control over subject at all times
Top-down, waistband first, quadrants
Three possible positions
Verbal and physical
Handcuffs if necessary
Systematic and Thorough!
Keep subject off-balance
Standing
Kneeling
Prone
Issues when searching Females? Juveniles?
Handcuffing Techniques
When and how?
Become proficient in variety of handcuffing
techniques from various positions
Governed by Training & Department Policy
Behind the back!
Standing, kneeling, prone
Maintain control over subject
Speed-Cuffing
Apply handcuffs as quickly & smoothly as possible
Double-lock as soon as practicable
Transporting Prisoners
Thoroughly search vehicle at beginning of
every patrol shift
Search back seat area after every prisoner
transportation
Use seatbelts, restraints per Policy
You are ultimately responsible for
prisoner’s health, safety, and well-being!
Vehicle Searches
Consent
Plain View
Based on observations, investigation, etc.
Incidental to Arrest
Items found in plain view can be seized
Probable Cause
Given freely without coercion
Limited access without a warrant
Inventory Searches
Towed & stored, recovered stolen etc.
Searches of Premises
Obtain Warrant whenever possible!
Warrant Exceptions…
Consent
Plain View
Fresh Pursuit
Exigent Circumstances
Destruction of Evidence
Chimel vs. CA
May search arrestee and immediate area for…
Instrumentalities/fruits/evidence of the crime
Contraband
Weapons that may be used for assault/escape