Transcript Chapter 9 Notes

Chapter 9
The Era of Thomas
Jefferson
Warm up:
Question: What important events
(surrounding the presidency) happened
in Chapter 8?
Answer:
• G. Washington served as our 1st
President
• 4 Precedents (title, neutral, cabinet, 2 terms)
• J. Adams served as our 2nd President
• Presidents were challenged by Britain
and France
The Republicans Take Power
Chapter 9: Section 1
Thomas
Jefferson
- Jefferson attended the
College of William and Mary,
he wrote the Declaration of
Independence, he was
Secretary of State under
Washington, Vice President
under John Adams and the
leader of the DemocraticRepublican Party.
Born April 13, 1743
Died July 4, 1826
Thomas Jefferson
A watercolor of
the White House
grounds about
1827. Shown with
the White House
are Jefferson’s
stone wall, the
orchard, the
vegetable garden
and several
workmen’s
shanties left over
from the
construction.
The Election of 1800
FederalistsAdams & Pickney
vs.
RepublicansJefferson & Burr
Each elector received 2
votes which led to a tie.
The House of Reps. had to
decide the President and
based on Hamilton’s
recommendation
Jefferson became
President.
Election of 1800
Third President of the United
States
-Democratic Republicans take
over the White House
-President - Thomas Jefferson
(Virginia)
-Vice President - Aaron Burr
(New York)
-Inaugurated March 4, 1801
The 12th Amendment
• To prevent another
show down between a
presidential candidate and
vice-presidential candidate,
Congress passed the 12th
Amendment.
• Electors will now vote for
president and vice
president on separate
ballots.
Important Actions by T. J.
• The new government allowed the Alien and
Sedition Acts to expire.
• They cut the federal debt ($83 million)
significantly in a few years.
• Repealed the internal taxes. (ex: whiskey)
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Judiciary Act of 1801
This was passed in Adams’
last days as President.
He packed the regional
court system with
Federalist judges.
He also appointed
John Marshall as Chief
Justice of the Supreme
Court.
On January 18, 1800, Thomas Jefferson, then Vice
President of the United States, alluded to plans for a
new college . The University of Virginia was
eventually be built on James Monroe’s land and
opened January 25, 1819.
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Midnight Judges
Jefferson tried to
prevent some of
Adams’ judges from
taking office. One such
appointment was
for William Marbury.
Jefferson stopped
his commission from
being delivered.
William Marbury
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Marbury vs. Madison
Marbury took his
case to the U.S. Supreme
Court. He said the courts
should force the delivery of
his commission.
Justice Marshall didn’t
agree with him. This
resulted in the courts
overseeing the other
branches, i.e.-judicial
review.
(See page 236)
Warm up:
Question: What problem occurred during
the Election of 1800?
Answer:
Thomas Jefferson and his running mate,
Aaron Burr both received the same
number of electoral votes.
President and Vice President were elected
based on a 1st and 2nd place vote-the tie
caused a problem.
Eyewitness to
History: Jefferson in
the White House
Warm up:
Question: Why was Marbury vs. Madison
such an important Supreme Court case?
Answer:
Marbury vs. Madison established the
Supreme Court’s power of judicial
review. (Power to check the other
branches.)
The Louisiana Purchase
Chapter 9: Section 2
The Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase
• In 1803 President Jefferson
sent James Monroe to Paris to
negotiate with Napoleon (French
ruler) for the Louisiana
Territory
• Napoleon Bonaparte needed $ to
fight Britain
• For $15 million the U.S.
purchased the territory, about 4
cents/acre
• Largest land deal in history!
• Americans knew they could
convince France to sell because
they couldn’t defend it…why?
Toussaint-Louverture
• France lost control of Haiti in
1791 when African slaves
revolted
• They were led by a former
slave in Haiti and the grandson
of an African chief
(Louverture)
• Today Haiti is 90% African
descent
• FYI: This event concerned
Americans because they were
afraid that the U.S. slaves
would also revolt.
Where is Haiti?
Lewis and Clark
• Jefferson assigned two
skilled frontiersmen,
Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark the task
of mapping the Louisiana
Territory
• Lewis-Jefferson’s
Secretary (military)
• Clark- Friend of Lewis’
from military service
Lewis and Clark
• Lewis & Clark
traveled with a
crew of 45
explorers and kept
detailed journals of
their findings.
Lewis and Clark Artifacts
Virtual
Journey
Sacagawea
• Wife of a French-Canadian
fur trader
• Hired by Lewis & Clark as
guides and interpreters
• She showed explorers
where to fish, to hunt, and
to find wild vegetables
• She also helped trade
supplies with American
Indians
3 Major Impacts!
•
1. Found “new”
plant &
animal species
Lewisia rediviva
Pursh
2. Inspired Westward
Expansion
3. Route across the Rockies
to the Pacific Ocean
The Zebulon Pike’s
Expedition
Another important explorer of the
period was Z. Pike. He explored a
great deal of western territory. He
was often lost!
IMPACT!!!
• Pike discovered Grand Peak in Colorado.
Today it’s called Pike’s Peak after him.
THE HAMILTON - BURR
HAMILTON - BURR
DUEL
•
•
Hamilton and Burr had a long standing
hatred for each other. (Especially after the
Election of 1800.)
Hamilton accused Burr of treason (planned
for N.Y. to secede).
Alexander
Hamilton
A contemporary artistic
rendering of the July 11, 1804
duel between Burr and
Hamilton.
HAMILTON - BURR
DUEL
Eventually their hatred led to
Burr challenging Hamilton to
a duel.
Aaron
Burr
The Wogdon Pistols used in the duel
Eyewitness to
History
HAMILTON BURR DUEL
-Hamilton was shot
and died
(July 11, 1804)
-Burr fled and his
political career
ended
A reenactment of
the famous duel at
the 2004
centennial
Warm up:
• Question: What was the result of the
Hamilton-Burr duel?
Answer:
• Hamilton died and Burr fled. Burr’s
political career ended.
Complete Lewis and Clark
Activity
(Lab or Classroom)
Warm up:
• Question: Who were Lewis and Clark and
name 3 impacts of their journey?
Answer:
Two men who led an expedition for President
Jefferson to explore the territory gained in
the Louisiana Purchase.
Three Impacts:
1. New plant and animal species
2. Inspired westward expansion
3. Discovered a route across the Rockies to the
Pacific Ocean
A Time of Conflict
Chapter 9 Section 3
Conestoga
Wagon
-Transported
settlers and
their freight
over the
Appalachian
Mountains.
First built in
PA.
Barbary Pirates
•After the Revolution pirates in the
Mediterranean Sea began attacking
U.S. trade ships.
•The pirates came from the African
nations of Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia,
& Tripoli. (These nations were called
the Barbary States)
•The pirates demanded bribes to
stop attacking and imprisoning
merchants.
•The U.S sent warships to protect
U.S. cargo ships.
Barbary Pirates
•Pirates seized the U.S. warship,
Philadelphia and threw the captain and
crew in jail.
•Stephen Decatur (Navy captain) snuck
on and burned the captured Philadelphia
to prevent the pirates from using it.
•Tripoli agreed to stop demanding
tribute, but the U.S. had to pay a ransom
of 60K for the release of the prisoners.
•Shortly after the Marines captured
Tripoli and demonstrated the dominance
of the U.S. military.
Burning of the frigate Philadelphia in
the harbor of Tripoli.
Freedom of the Seas
• During Britain and France’s
war, the U.S. remained neutral
so shippers could continue
doing business.
•Both Britain and France
threatened to attack any ships
that traded with the other.
•The U.S. traded with both.
Impressment
• The British started to seize
U.S. sailors that they suspected
of being deserters from the
British Navy and forced them
into service
•This practice, known as
impressment, was a clear
violation of neutral rights
•They impressed thousands of
American citizens
Attack on the Chesapeake
• The final straw for many
Americans was the attack on the
American vessel, The
Chesapeake. A British warship
demanded to search the ship for
British deserters. (off coast of VA)
•The captain refused and the
British opened fire, killing 3,
wounding 18, and crippling the
American ship
•Many Americans demanded war
against Britain
•Jefferson sought a course of
action other than war
A Disastrous Trade Ban
•To avoid war Jefferson pushed the
Embargo Act through Congress.(The
U.S. would not trade with any nation.)
•He wanted to hurt Britain without
going to war.
•The embargo turned out to be a
disaster (it wiped out all American
trade with other nations.)
•The British ended up trading with
South America.
•Before long, American shippers
began smuggling their goods.
A political cartoon showing
merchants dodging the
“Ograbme” which is
‘Embargo’ backwards. This is
how the people feel about
the Embargo Act, because,
like a turtle, it is slowing the
economy down.
Madison into Office
• Madison becomes the 4th president.
•On March 1, 1809, Congress repealed
the Embargo Act.
•The U.S. continued to have problems
with Britain and France.
•Tensions also continue to grow between
settlers and Native Americans in the
Northwest Territory.
Tecumseh and The Prophet
•Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet
built a confederacy among Native
American nations in Indiana, Ohio and
Michigan
•They thought that this would put a halt
to white movement onto N.A. lands
•Instead it led to the Battle of
Tippecanoe
•The Natives battled William Henry
Harrison and the U.S. army
•The Natives were defeated and
pushed further west.
Tecumseh
The
Prophet
Harrison
War Hawks
• War Hawks-group of young
Republicans elected to
Congress
•They pressured the president
to declare war with Britain
•Leaders were Henry Clay
and John Calhoun
•The War Hawks urged major
spending to strengthen the
U.S. military
•By the spring of 1812,
Madison concluded that war
with Britain was inevitable
Henry Clay
John
Calhoun
Warm up:
Question: Who were the Barbary
Pirates?
Answer: The Barbary
Pirates were a group of
pirates who terrorized
the Mediterranean.
They demanded tribute
(protection money)
from the U.S. &
European governments
to let their ships pass
safely.
Section 9.4
The WAR OF 1812
Madison is elected President
The U.S. is having
continued problems
with Britain
REASONS FOR WAR:
1) Battle
over
Canadian
Border (U.S.
/ Britain)
The British had become
friends with the Native
Americans in the west
supplying them with
weapons to use against the
United States.
REASONS FOR WAR:
2) British
Capture U.S.
Ships
(Impressment)
Captured about 5,000
men, about 1,500 of them
were U.S. citizens
REASONS FOR WAR:
3) Poor Economy – Embargo
Act stops all trade with
other countries
War = More Jobs
REASONS FOR WAR:
4) War Hawks
– 1810 –
young
Republicans
in Congress
pressured
Madison to
declare war
Henry Clay
MAJOR
BATTLES:
The American
ship the
Constitution
destroyed the
Guerriere in
August 1812,
and the Java
four months
later.
After seeing a
shot bounce off
the
Constitution’s
hull during
battle, a sailor
nicknamed the
ship “Old
Ironsides”
1) Old Ironsides (August, 1812)
• Picture of the U.S.S. Constitution defeating
the Guerriere
• Huge victory for the U.S. Navy
FYI: Built in 1794 in Boston, the Constitution’s planks were 7
inches thick. Paul Revere was responsible for the spikes and
bolts that held them together as well as the copper sheathing
that protected the hull..
The U.S.S. Constitution still resides in Boston and is the oldest
active ship in the U.S. Navy.
2) Battle of
Lake Erie
(Sept 10,
1813)
Oliver Hazard Perry
•
Oliver Hazard Perry led 10 small ships on an
attack against the British
• He broke through the British Blockade and
gained control of Lake Erie
3) Washington D.C./
Fort McHenry (Baltimore)
British
wanted to
capture
Baltimore
(by way of
Washington,
D.C.)
• 4,000-6,000 British soldiers burned D.C. (Whitehouse,
Capitol, Library of Congress)
• Thankfully a hurricane put out the fires before more
damage could be done
• A tornado also came right through D.C. and stopped
What was left of the
Whitehouse after
Before the British arrived to the President’s Mansion,
the First Lady refused to leave. Dolley Madison
remained there after many of the government officials
had already left, gathering valuables, documents and
other items of importance, notably the Lansdowne
Portrait, a full-length painting of George Washington by
Gilbert Stuart. She also took a set of red velvet drapes
that she had made into a gown after the war. She was
finally persuaded to leave moments before British
soldiers entered the house. Once inside, the soldiers
found the dining hall set for a dinner. After eating all
the food they took souvenirs (silver shoes buckles, a
sword, and personal love letters between the
Madisons) then set the building on fire.
Washington, D.C. (August 19,1814)
The blue part shown
was all that was
constructed of the
Capitol during
Thornton’s time.
Dr. William Thornton (who created the Capitol)
stood outside the patent office and convinced
the British to leave the patent office because
they would be destroying inventive science if
they destroyed it. While it was spared, The
roof was blown off in the coming storm
(Hurricane and Tornado!)
Dr. William Thornton
• After the fire
President Madison
met with his cabinet
in the Post Office
(one of the only
government
buildings that
wasn’t damaged
during the rampage.)
• The Congress met in
a local hotel.
• Both groups met to
discuss the course
of the war.
3) Fort McHenry (Baltimore)
(September 24, 1814)
The British left
Washington and
sailed to Baltimore,
however the
Americans were
ready and waiting.
Americans win in
Baltimore
(TURNING POINT!)
Siege at Fort
Mc Henry
the commander of Ft. McHenry
asked for a flag so big that "the
British have no trouble seeing it
from a distance." He asked Mary
Young Pickersgill to make the
flag. She used 400 yards of fine
wool. They cut 15 stars that
were two feet across. There
were 8 red and 7 white stripes.
The stripes were each two feet
wide. When it was finished it
measured 30 by 42 feet and cost
$405.90.
Francis Scott Key, a lawyer, boarded a British ship to negotiate
the release of a captured friend, Dr. William Beanes. The British
accepted the release but kept them overnight because they had
heard of attack plans. Key watched as the bombs burst over Ft.
McHenry. Finally, “by the dawn’s early light”, Key was able to
see that the American flag still flew over the fort. Deeply
moved by patriotic feeling, Key wrote a poem called, “The StarSpangled Banner.”
The caption reads "A VIEW of the BOMBARDMENT of Fort
McHenry”, near Baltimore, by the British fleet taken from the
Observatory under the Command of Admirals Cochrane &
Cockburn on the morning of the 13th of Sept 1814 which lasted 24
hours & thrown from 1500 to 1800 shells in the Night attempted
to land by forcing a passage up the ferry branch but were
repulsed with great loss."
Notice the cow is not interested
4) The Creek Indian Uprising
- Indians side with British
- Davy Crockett and Andrew
Jackson defeated the Creek
Davy Crockett fought under
General Andrew Jackson in the
Creek War. It was his reputation as
an Indian fighter and frontiersman
that first established his
popularity.
5) The Battle of New Orleans
(January 5, 1815)
Fought 2 weeks after
The Treaty of Ghent
• Signed Dec 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium
•Did not change any existing borders
•Settled nothing
Andrew Jackson dominated
(251 British casualties, 11 U.S.
casualties)
Gives U.S. Complete Control of Mississippi River and the Gulf
of Mexico to the U.S.
RESULTS:
1) World
Respect
(Recognized as a
Nation)
Aretha Franklin – R E S P E C T
RESULTS:
2) Patriotism
Whitehouse (Star
Spangled Banner)
Uncle Sam
The "WE OWE ALLEGIANCE TO NO
CROWN" banner was a popular
symbol of American pride for many
years following the War of 1812
RESULTS:
3) New Heroes
• Andrew
Jackson
• William Henry
Harrison
• Oliver Hazard
Perry
RESULTS:
4)Native
Americans
pushed
further
west
Shawnee village
RESULTS:
5)TRADE IMPROVES (Economy)
As people are hired to build
supplies for the war the
economy starts to grow again.
Results:
6) War Hawks
Gain Power
Warm up:
Question:
1. Who fought in the War of 1812?
2. What were the results?
(Look for 6)9.4)
Answer:
United States and the British
•World Respect (recognized as a nation)
•Patriotism (Star Spangled Banner)
•New Heroes (Jackson, Harrison, Perry)
•Native Americans pushed further west
•Trade Improves (economy)
•War Hawks gain Power
Warm up:
Question: Who wrote the StarSpangled Banner?
How did it come about?
Francis Scott Key
Answer:
The flag flew over Fort
McHenry during the War of
1812 and inspired Francis Scott
Key to write “The StarSpangled Banner.”
Warm up:
Question: Who were the War Hawks and
what role did they play in the War of
1812?
Answer:
They were people who wanted to go to
war with England. (H. Clay, J.C. Calhoun,
A. Jackson)
They tried to push Madison and other
members of Congress to declare war
with Britain.
Warm up:
Question: Why is
the War of 1812
sometimes called
“The American
Revolution, Part
II”?
Answer:
• It was a war between
Great Britain and the
Untied States
• Fight over shipping
and trade
• Involved fighting in
America and Canada
• It ended in an
American victory
Warm up:
• Question: What treaty ended the War
of 1812? What were the details of the
treaty?
Chapter 9 Review Day!
Answer:
• Treaty of Ghent
• Signed Dec 24, 1814 in
Ghent, Belgium (it took 2
weeks for the Treaty to
arrive to the U.S.)
• Did not change any
existing borders
• Settled nothing
Movie Day!
Jefferson Trivia
•
Thomas Jefferson was a very remarkable man who started learning very early
in life and never stopped.
*
At 5, began studying under his cousins' tutor..
*
At 9, studied Latin, Greek and French.
*
At 14, studied classical literature and additional languages.
*
At 16, entered the College of William and Mary .
*
At 19, studied Law for 5 years starting under George Wythe.
*
At 23, started his own law practice.
*
At 25, was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses.
*
At 31, wrote the widely circulated "Summary View of the Rights
of British America " and retired from his law practice.
*
At 32, was a Delegate to the Second Continental Congress.
*
At 33, wrote the Declaration of Independence.
*
At 33, took three years to revise Virginia 's legal code and
wrote a Public Education bill and a statute for Religious Freedom.
*
At 36, was elected the second Governor of Virginia succeeding
Patrick Henry.
*
At 40, served in Congress for two years.
*
At 41, was the American minister to France and negotiated
commercial treaties with European nations along with Ben Franklin and John
Adams .
*
At 46, served as the first Secretary of State under George
Washington .
*
At 53, served as Vice President and was elected president of
the American Philosophical Society.
*
At 55, drafted the Kentucky Resolutions and became the active