Muslim’s Freedom Movement and Independence of Pakistan

Ms. Sabeen Yunus.

Educational Movements

      Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 1817 1898) Tehrik-i-Deoband (1866) Nadwa-tul-Ulema, Lucknow (1894) WestrenAnd Religion trends of Education Anjuman-i-Himayat-e-Islam, Lahore (1884) Islamia college for women (1938)for men(1913) Sindh Madrassah-tul-Islam, Karachi(1885) Syed Hasan Ali Afandi. Sind Muslim College(1943) Ali Garh Islamia College, Peshawar (1902)Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum

Political /Jihadi Movement

 Mohim ambela(1863)  Reshammi Romal Movement(1905)  Maulvi Mehmudulhassan & Uleamaye Duiband  Tehrikey Khilafat (1920)  Khaksar Tehrik  Indian National Congress(1885)  Formation of Muslim League

Legislative Councils Act 1861

 First ever constitutional structure  Constitutional reforms in India  Inclusion of Indian people  British passed provisions for Local Government  Introduction of Governor General Councils  Enforcement of Legislative Councils  No's of Legislative Councils were increased  Authority of Governor-General  Provincial Heads as Lieutenant Generals

Formation of The Indian National Congress

      A former member of Indian civil service, Allan Octavian Hume wrote a letter to students of Culcutta University for setting a national political organization.

A conference was called in Bombay and second in Culcutta on 28 December 1883.

A meeting in 1886 of 436 delegates' elected representatives of their provinces.

Aim is to promote welfare of Indians by educating them in India and Britain More representatives in ICS and legislative councils

Indian Councils Act 1892

         Congress dissatisfaction with LCA 1861. Demanded more presentation in legislative and administrative bodies Nominations of Central and Provincial Legislative Councils through general elections instead of nomination. Appointment through competitive exam. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Criticism on demands.

Salient Provisions of Act 1892:

Increase in non-official members in Central and Provincial Legislature Right to question/discussion of annual budget Right to local bodies to elect members for legislative councils.

Urdu -Hindi Controversy 1867

      Urdu replaced Persian as an official language in 1837. Anti-Urdu Agitation by Hindus Urdu banned in Bengal (1871) by Lt. Governor George Campbell, scrapped from syllabus. 1900, UP Lt. Governor Anthony McDonell ordered Hindi as an official language. Anjuman-i-Tarakki-i-Urdu by Baba-e-Urdu, Maulvi Abdul Haq. Urdu Defence Association, Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, 2 May,1900.

Partition of Bengal 1905

         Lord Curzon Viceroy (1899)/ Administrative problems East/West Parts Eastern Bengal new prospects for Muslims

Hindus Reaction

Muslim domination End to political position National tragedy (16th Oct,1905) Swadeshi Movement (Swami Dayanand) -> boycott of foreign goods Boycott forthcoming tour of King George-> Delhi Darbar 1911-> annulment of Bengal/ capital from Calcutta to Delhi

Simla Deputation 1906

35 Members delegation led by Sir Agha Khan met Lord Minto.

4 major demands

•Separate electorate •Weight age •Government and official services •Aligarh University

Results

•Great political achievement for Muslims •Acceptance of Muslim demands under Minto-Morley reforms 1909 •Basis for Muslim unity and organization

Establishment of Muslim League 1906

Reasons

 Urdu Hindi Controversy    Negative role of Hindus-> Arya Smaj/Gao Raksha Sabah Congress Representation Success of Simla Deputation

Background

 All India Educational Conference, Dhaka,1906.    Nawab Salim Ullah resolution (All India Muslim Confederacy). Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk and Nawab Viqar ul Mulk joint secretaries. 60 member committee drafted ML constitution.   1907 Karachi Session it was adopted. Green Book (Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar) 1908, Sir Agha Khan(President), Major Hassan Bilgrami (Joint Sec), Syed Amir Ali (London Branch).  Aligarh as ML Headquarter.

Objectives

 1) Muslim/British gap 2) Political rights 3) Friendly relations with all communities

Achievements

  1) Representation 2) Answer to Congress propaganda 3) Approval of separate electorate 4) Lucknow pact

Minto-Morley Reforms 1909

             Political Reforms Separate electorate of Muslims Hindus included in Executive Councils Legislative Councils were expanded/ authority. Viceroy Council membership fixed at 60. Local bodies/trade unions/universities allowed to elect their members. Lt. Gov appointed in Bengal/Bombay/Madarass. Administrative councils in small provinces. Members of executive councils increased from 2-4.

Positive Aspects:

Impetus to constitutional development in India. Introduced system of elections Muslims political importance was enhanced

Lucknow Pact 1916



Background

 Idea of self -rule  Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity  Main Clauses of Lucknow Pact  Separate Electorate for Muslims  Provincial councils with 4/5th elected and1/5th nominated members.

 Major provinces legislative councils with 125 strength, Minor 50-75.

 Elected member for terms of 5 years

 Muslims elected through special electorates and their representation varies in each province Punjab 50 %, Bengal 40 %,U.P 30 %, Bombay 33 1/3 % , Bihar 25 %, C.P 15% Madaras15 % respectively.

 Reservation of 1/3rd seats for Muslims in the central legislature.

      Seats reserved for Muslims in minority provinces and vice versa for Hindus.

No bill or resolution shall be presented in Assembly that affects interests of other communities.

Provincial Autonomy shall be given to provinces.

Significance of Lucknow Pact

Political advancement for Muslims Hindus acknowledged Muslims as separate electorate

Chelms-Ford Reforms 1919

  

Background

S.A Rowlett Act 1919 Jallianwala Bagh incident Amritsar 1919       

Salient Features of Reforms

Bicameral legislature Upper house 5 years and lower house for 3 years Separate electorate for Muslims System of Dyarchy was introduced at provincial level Subjects divided between centre and provinces Governor General’s executive council and power

Khilafat Movement 1919-1924

 Objectives of Khilafat Movement  Khilafat Conference and Khilafat delegation      Non-C0-operation Movement Hijerat Movement Moplah Uprising Chaura Chauri Incident Reasons of Failure of Khilafat Movement

Political Struggle 1920-1940

         Delhi Proposals 1927 Simon Commission 1927 Nehru Report 1928 Quaid-e Azam Fourteen Points 1929 Allahbad Address 1930 Round Tables Conferences 1930-1932. Government of India Act 1935. 1937 Elections and Congress Rule End of Congress Rule and Day of Deliverance

Pakistan Movement 1940-1947

 Pakistan Resolution 1940  Cripps Proposal 1942  Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944  Cabinet Mission 1946  3rd June Plan 1947