Transcript Training PP
Developing a Strength and Cardio Respiratory Fitness Program
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Training Components to Consider
Training time
Frequency of exercising
Intensity of exercising
Volume of training
Work-to-rest ratio
Type of exercise
Order of exercises
Number of repetitions per set
Number of sets
Recovery periods between exercises
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Training Time
Refers to the total time devoted to developing fitness Based on the duration of each training session and frequency of training per week, month, or year Sport Books Publisher 3
Training Frequency
Depends on the goals of the individual Athletes may train 2-10 times per week for strength and cardiovascular endurance For general fitness training, 2-3 sessions per week may be sufficient to maintain levels of strength and endurance For weight loss or strength or endurance gains, however, 4-6 sessions per week are necessary Sport Books Publisher 4
Training Volume
Refers to the sum total of work performed during a training session or phase of training Measured in various units depending on the type of activity metres or kilometres as a measure of distance Strength using body weight - measured by the number of repetitions performed and the number of exercises done Strength exercises using weights are measured by the sum of all weight lifted per session, and the number of repetitions performed with a given load Sport Books Publisher 5
Training Intensity
Probably the most important component of strength training Characterizes the degree of stimulation or intensity of exercise per unit of time Expressed as a percentage of a trainee’s personal best or 100% performance in the activity This becomes the benchmark, or starting point, for defining relative intensities to be used to plan workouts Sport Books Publisher 6
Work-to-Rest Ratio
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Work-to-Rest Ratio
Refers to the relationship between the phases of work and rest during training In general, the lower the intensity of exercise per unit of time, the shorter the rest periods required Conversely, the higher the intensity of exercise, the longer the rest periods must be Must be considered in connection with all components of training such as the volume of exercise and types of exercises performed Sport Books Publisher 8
Relationship Between Intensity and Volume Sport Books Publisher 9
Relationship Between Distance and Speed of Running Sport Books Publisher 10
Type of Exercise
Fitness development is dependent upon the type of physical exercises practiced Sport Books Publisher 11
Type of Exercise
In strength training, load dosage can be achieved using one’s own body weight, the weight of a partner, free weights, machines, etc.
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Warm-Up and Cool-Down
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Benefits of a Warm-Up
Raising the body temperature, increasing respiration, heart rate, blood flow, metabolic rate, oxygen exchange Increasing range of movement, decreasing muscle tension, preventing muscle, tendon, ligament strains Increasing central nervous system activity, improving coordination, reducing reaction time Sport Books Publisher 14
Benefits of a Cool-Down
Helps speed recovery from a bout of exercise Helps physiological systems return to normal levels Sport Books Publisher 15
Other Components of Training
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Exercise Speed
Lower exercise speeds promote an increase in muscle diameter Brisk exercise speeds develop power or muscular explosiveness Sport Books Publisher 17
Number of Repetitions
The number of sets or repetitions depends on the training method, the individual’s performance level, and personal goals • A lower number of repetitions per set promotes maximal strength • A greater number of repetitions is suitable for endurance training Sport Books Publisher 18
Variety of Exercise
The variety of exercises used depends on one’s goal(s) Recreational athletes will tend to perform a large number of exercises Competitive athletes with a specific goal will tend to perform fewer, more sport-specific, exercises Sport Books Publisher 19
Principles of Strength Training
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New and progressively higher training demands enable athletes to adapt their physical and mental functions to increase performance capacity To ensure that muscles are being adequately overloaded, resistance should be periodically increased Training volume and training intensity can be progressively increased Sport Books Publisher 21
1. Gradual Load Increase
Involves increasing training load gradually Using small steps, training load is increased from one training cycle to another All training and individual exercises should be performed to fatigue Load increase depends on training frequency, volume, and intensity − in that order Sport Books Publisher 22
2. Explosive Load Increase
Involves abrupt or explosive increases in training load Is effective in more sport-specific, goal oriented training, especially for competition Requires a substantial increase in volume and/or intensity of training from one training cycle to another Sport Books Publisher 23
Interruptions in training have a negative effect on performance; results in a stagnation or decline in performance Cardiovascular and muscular endurance decline faster than maximal power or strength performance Loss in performance applies to coordination, technical skills, and tactical skills, leading to an overall decline in performance Athletes who have trained for many years are more resistant to the effects of training interruptions Sport Books Publisher 24
The principle of ‘specificity’ states that the responses to exercise are specific to the nature or type of exercise performed Specific exercises lead to specific physiological responses This principle applies to the following: Strength Muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance Coordination Speed of movement Motor patterns Joint angle of movement Neuromuscular components involved Speed of muscle contraction Type of muscle contraction Sport Books Publisher 25
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The systematic division of the training year into periods that allow for optimal performance development during the competitive season Three major periods are involved: The Preparatory Phase (PP) The Competition Phase (CP) Transition Periods (TP) Individual periods are further subdivided: Macro-cycles (2-6 weeks) Microcycles (7 days) Daily cycles (1-2 training sessions) Training sessions (1-2 hours) Sport Books Publisher 26
Preparation Period (PP):
Development of a high level of fitness from which to build Characterized by a gradual and progressive increase of exercise volume at medium intensity levels Sport Books Publisher 27
Competitive Period (CP):
Maintenance of the level of fitness achieved in the PP Volume and intensity of fitness work are reduced The main emphasis is on sport-specific skill training Sport Books Publisher 28
Transition Period (TP):
Relatively short in duration (2-4 weeks) Designed to offer a break from competition and intensive training Relaxation
in addition to recreation
recommended is Ensures that strength and endurance do not drop significantly Sport Books Publisher 29
Overview of fitness training methods and their effects
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Circuit Training
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Circuit Training
An exercise training program that is designed to exercise all major muscle groups in one session An effective exercise method used in many sports, and for general fitness development purposes Allows for the combination and manipulation of specific exercises to achieve specific fitness goals Exercise intensity, volume, and rest intervals can be manipulated Sport Books Publisher 32
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Principles of Circuit Exercise Programs
Major variables to be considered: Number of exercises Sequence of exercises Length of rest period between sets Length of rest period between circuits Types of exercises Resistance levels Sport Books Publisher 34
Principles of Circuit Exercise Programs
The number of exercises per muscle group depends on: The training effect to be achieved The desired volume of work to be completed during a training session The desired intensity of effort The structure of the program Sport Books Publisher 35
Principles of Circuit Exercise Programs
The trainee progresses from one exercise station to another in sequence A given number of repetitions are performed at each exercise station Active recovery of previously used muscles occur from station to station Sport Books Publisher 36
Principles of Circuit Exercise Programs
The trainee moves quickly from one station to another, with little rest between exercise stations Sport Books Publisher 37
Principles of Circuit Exercise Programs
A circuit may include running laps between stations The effect of this type of training is the development of both muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness Sport Books Publisher 38
Principles of Circuit Exercise Programs
Research has shown that circuit training is an effective training method for both competitive and recreational fitness development Sport Books Publisher 39
Cardiorespiratory Training
1. Endurance training 2. Fartlek training 3. Interval training 4. Repetition training Sport Books Publisher 40
Endurance Training
Also known as continuous training or slow long distance (SLD) training Involves training at approximately 40-60% of max. performance ability over a long distance Typically carried out without break Physiological benefits include enhanced aerobic capacity and development of staying power Psychological benefits include increased determination and self-confidence The major objective of SLD training is to develop a solid fitness base during the preparatory season Sport Books Publisher 41
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Fartlek Training
Endurance training method used by runners mainly during the preparatory season Using an extremely flexible training program Combines long slow distance training, pace/tempo training and interval training It involves easy running, fast bursts of running of varying lengths, hill running etc.
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Interval Training
Involves systematic alteration of exertion and recovery a. Extensive Interval b. Intensive Interval Sport Books Publisher 44
A. Extensive Interval
Requires the trainee to carry out a great number of repetitions of selected distance in one session with a recovery period equal to the work interval Keeping the work-to-rest ratio (W:R) at 1:1-2 between intervals and 1:2-4 between sets Each exercise is repeated 20-30 times The repetitions are divided into several sets The training intensity is between 60-80 percent of the trainee’s max. performance Sport Books Publisher 45
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B. Intensive Interval
Overall lower training volume than the extensive interval method Each interval is repeated 10-20 times Performed at 80 90 percent of the trainee’s max performance capacity Requires longer breaks: W:R is approximately 1:2-3 between intervals and 1:4-6 between sets Should not be implemented until a solid fitness base of aerobic training has been attained Sport Books Publisher 47
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Repetition Training
Also known as tempo training Conducted at maximal intensity levels Used in the final preparations for competition The duration of exercise is normally longer than in interval training Longer recovery periods are needed between individual bouts W:R is approximately 1:5 or longer Sport Books Publisher 49
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Combination Training
Simultaneously develop both muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness A. Combo Circuit Training B. Cross Training Sport Books Publisher 51
Combo Circuit Training
In addition to strength exercises, a circuit may include running laps between stations Distance of the running may vary between 50-400 metres depending on the available facility and specific needs of the trainee Sport Books Publisher 52
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Cross Training
Involves activities that offer aerobic fitness benefits similar to those offered by running.
It can also promote total body fitness and may prevent overuse injuries Used by competitive athletes during the transition period A. Aerobic cross training (cycling, swimming) B. Muscular endurance cross training machine, StairMaster) (rowing C. Activity cross training (several different activities) Sport Books Publisher 54
Summary
Physical fitness encompasses many components that are important for health- strength, power, endurance, flexibility, body composition, and psychomotor abilities Cardiorespiratory endurance can be enhanced through endurance, Fartlek, interval training, and repetition training Flexibility can be improved by static stretching, dynamic stretching, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) Sport Books Publisher 55