Transcript Struktur PLMN

STRUKTUR
JARINGAN PLMN
Program S1 Teknik Telekomunikasi
Jurusan Teknik Elektro
STT Telkom
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History
Generasi pertama (1G)
Sistem komunikasi seluler pertama kali beroperasi di Norwegia pada
tahun 1981 dan diikuti oleh sistem yang sama di US dan UK. System
generasi pertama ini hanya mentransmisikan voice dengan frekuensi
sekitar 900 MHz dan menggunakan modulasi analog
Generasi kedua (2G)
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) pertama kali
digunakan di eropa pada awal tahun 1990. GSM menyediakan layanan
voice dan data yang terbatas. Menggunakan modulasi digital.
The new third generation (3G) cellular services
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or IMT-2000 will
sustain higher data rates still and opens the door to many internet style
applications
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History
 1934-USA : AM based: First generation Analogue Cellular Systems
 For public safety
 5000 mobiles
 Vehicle ignition noise a major problem
 1935 USA Europe Asia :FM based:
 Frequency bands: - 800 - 900 MHz and 400 - 500 MHz
 120 kHz RF bandwidth with channel spacing of 30 kHz
 Data rate 5 - 10 kbps
 No of channels 400 – 1000, half-duplex
 1946- USA : First Generation Public Mobile Telephone Service:
 Coverage distance: 50 km, 60 kHz bandwidth
 Single powerful transmitter
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History - 1st Generation (1G)
Systems
 1960 Cellular Radio, developed by Bell Labs.
 1970 Cellular Mobile System (USA)
 1980 First Generation Analogue Cellular Systems
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Advanced Mobile Telephone Systems (AMPS)
Frequency bands: 800 - 900 MHz and 400 - 500 MHz
Channel spacing 30 kHz and no of channels 400 -1000
Data rate 5 - 10 kbps
FM for speech, FSK for signaling, FDM
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History - 2nd Generation (2G)
Systems (1991-2)
 Systems:
 Group Special Mobile (GSM) – Europe (GSM 1.8 GHz, and 1.9
GHz)
 U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) and CDMA (USDC 1.9 GHz)
 Digital Cordless Systems (DCS) 1.8 GHz
 Technology: TDMA, TDMA hybrid FDMA
 Characteristics:
 Digital voice and low speed data
 Frequency band @ 900 MHz, RF channel spacing 200 kHz
 Modulation: GMSK, DPSK, Fixed frequency assignment
 Speech rate 13 kbps, Speech coding, TDMA
 High security and higher capacity,
 Improved speech Quality of service (QoS)
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History - 3rd Generation (3G)
Systems (1995 - )
 Support Multimedia Services:
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Especially Internet Service,
144kb/s (Outdoor and higher velocity ),
384kb/s(from outdoor to indoor),
2Mb/s (indoor);
Speech of QoS and other services
First Transitional System: 2 GHz
2000 - 2nd Transitional Systems: 2.5 GHz
2001 - 1st CDMA Network @ 144 k bps
2002- Handover between GSM and WCDMA
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Early Mobile Systems
Layanan mobile tradisional dibangun mirip dengan televisi
broadcasting
Satu pemancar dengan daya
yang besar ditempatkan pada
titik yang paling tinggi yang
dapat meliputi area dengan
radius sampai dengan 50 km
Sistem seluler dibentuk dari jaringan telepon mobile dengan cara:
menggunakan daya pancar yang rendah untuk mencakup area
yang lebih luas  contoh area metropolitan dibagi ke dalam 100 sel
yang berbeda dimana masing-masing sel dgn 12 kanal
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Early Mobile Systems
 Early Mobile Radio Systems
 Satu pemancar dengan daya pancar yang besar
 Area cakupan yang bagus, tetapi tidak memungkinkan
dilakukan penggunaan ulang ( reuse) frekuensi yang sama
(e.g., Bell Mobile System ‘70 -- max 12 calls over thousand
sq. Miles)
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Cellular Systems
 Cellular Concept
 technique of using a fixed a number of channels to
serve an arbitrary large number of subscribers by
reusing channels throughout the coverage area
 high system capacity in a limited spectrum
 many low powered transmitters (small cells)
 each base station allocated a portion of the spectrum
 neighboring base stations assigned different groups of
channels
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Cellular Systems
 Solves the problem of Spectral congestion and user capacity by means of
frequency reuse
 Offers high capacity in a limited spectrum allocation
 Offers system level approach, using low power transmitters instead of a
single, high power transmitter (large cell) to cover larger area.
 A portion of the total channels available is allocated to each base station.
 Neighbouring base stations areJaringan
assigned
different groups channels, in order
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to minimise interference.
Model pola radiasi
R
R
R
R
R
 Model radiasi mana yang paling bagus ?
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With the shift parameters i
and j defined in the figure,
we see that the number of
cells in a cluster is given
by
and the frequency
reuse distance is
given by
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PLMN ?
Jaringan seluler atau PLMN (public land mobile network)
terdiri dari sejumlah mobile station (MS) yang dihubungkan
dengan jaringan radio ke infrastruktur perangkat switching
yang berinterkoneksi dengan sistem lain seperti PSTN
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Perbandingan PSTN dan
PLMN
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Elemen PLMN

Elemen PLMN terdiri dari
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Elemen jaringan untuk user (trafik)
Elemen jaringan sebagai database
Elemen jaringan untuk tambahan jaringan pintar (IN)
Elemen jaringan untuk operasi dan pemeliharahan (O&M)
Elemen jaringan untuk signaling
Elemen jaringan untuk transport dan transmisi
Note : pada bab ini diberikan contoh untuk jaringan GSM
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Elemen Jaringan GSM
 Network elements for (user) traffic
 MS
 BTS
 BSC
 MSC
 Gateway MSC (GMSC)
 Short message service centre (SMS-C)
 Network elements as databases
 HLR
 VLR
 AUC
 EIR
 Network elements for additional network intelligence
 service control points (SCPs) and service switching points (SSPs)
 Network elements for operation and maintenance
 operations support system (OSS) and
 a network management system (NMS).
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Elemen Jaringan GSM
 Network elements for signalling
 Since a GSM network utilises signaling system No.
7 (SS7), either integrated or stand-alone signal
transfer points (STPs) are required.
 Network elements for transport and transmission
 transmission over radio access,
 plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH),
 synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) or
 synchronous optical network (SONET) systems are
used.
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OPERATION OF THE CELLULAR PHONE
•When the mobile unit is active (i.e. when a mobile phone is switched on),
it register with the appropriate BS , depending on its location, and its cell
position is stored at the responsible MSC. When a call is set-up (when a
user makes a call), the base station monitors the quality of the signal for the
duration of the call, and reports that to the controlling MSC, which in turn
makes decisions concerning the routing of the call.
•When a cellular phone moves from one cell to the other, the BS will detect
this from the signal power and inform the MSC of that. The MSC will then
switch the control of the call to the BS of the new cell, where the phone is
located. This is called handover . It normally takes up to 400 ms, which is
not noticeable for voice transmission.
•A cellular phone user can only use his/her mobile within the covered area
of the network.
•Roaming is the capacity of a cellular phone, registered on one system, to
be able to enter and use other systems. Those other systems must be
compatible to enable roaming (i.e. they must have the same type of
networks).
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What happens when a cellular user turns
on their phone?
Terminal scans control channels and locks on to strongest one.
If can’t find a strong enough signal, “no service”
With receiver turned to strongest control channel, terminal
extracts important information from broadcast channel.
Strongest
Signal
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What happens when a cellular user turns on
their phone? (cont)
On interpreting this broadcast information, terminal turns on “roaming” sign,
determines DCC, paging channels, etc.
Once this initialization is complete, mobile enters idle mode.
When no call in progress, terminal monitors paging messages in order to
detect arrival of a new call.
Paging Channel
(one of broadcast
channels)
Page for User with MIN X
User with Mobile Identification
Number (MIN) X
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What happens when a cellular user turns
on their phone? (cont)
Power consumed by radio receiver while it waits for paging message has
strong influence on standby time of terminal’s battery.
Terminals can operate in sleep mode when no call in progress.
In this mode, terminal turns off its receiver for significant fraction of time.
Wakes up for short period of time.
If there is paging message for terminal, BS schedules message to arrive
during brief wake-up interval. This is synchronized by using a hyperframe
counter.
Paging messages arrive in SPACH blocks of superframe. Indicates
assigned traffic channels, etc.
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Masalah dalam jaringan
seluler
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Number of Channels Per Cell
Fading
Co-Channel Interference
Handovers
Multiple access
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Masalah dalam jaringan seluler
Number of Channels Per Cell
When the number of channels per cell is small (less transmitting channels)
base station congestion is very likely to occur. Increasing the number of
channels to solve this problem could be a problem since the bandwidth
allocated for uplink and downlink transmission is fixed. Therefore increasing
the channel number per cell would cause the channel frequencies used in a
cell to be re-used in a closer cell. This increases co-channel interference.
Solution
Use a microcellular network since it can increase the number of channels
per cell without an increase in co-channel interference
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Masalah dalam jaringan seluler
FADING
•This is the reduction of signal power. Fading is caused by many
factors - the most important ones being multipath and shielding.
•Multipath fading is caused by the
transmission of the signal along different
paths and resulting in simultaneous
reception. Depending of the amplitudes and
phase of the signal, the result of this could
be that the signals cancel each other
completely or significant attenuation in the
resultant signal.
•Shielding is the absence of field strength.
Most common causes are tunnels, hills and
inside certain buildings
Solution
The receiver at the BS should have an equaliser circuit to compensate for fading.
Equaliser finds how a known transmitted signal (transmitted with the desired signal)
was modified by multipath fading and shielding. Using this information, an inverse
filter is constructed and the desired signal is extracted
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Masalah dalam jaringan seluler
Co-Channel Interference
Co-channels are the same channels (or frequencies) that are used
by different cells. To avoid this kind of interference, it is necessary to
separate the co-channels by as great distance as possible. But, by
doing so, channel capacity will be compromised.
Solution
Here, microcells could be used to decrease co-channel interference
for a particular capacity wanted. Alternatively, the Equaliser can also
be used to minimise the effect of co-channel interference on the
desired signal.
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Masalah dalam jaringan seluler
Handovers
Handover does not pose serious problems in Digital Data Cellular Networks.
WHY?
•In circuit-switch networks, handover is a major problem, because the radio
link between the MS and the BS which is continuously available is lost.
During the time in which the link is lost, both the MS and the BS could be
transmitting data which will be lost unless effective buffering is provided.
In Digital Data Cellular Network considered, there is no continuous link
between the MS and the BS.
•Packets are transmitted and received by the MS only after the BS informs it
to do so. So, the link between the MS and the BS only lasts for one time slot
(time in which a packet can be transmitted and received). Therefore,
handover can only cause, if any, a few packet loss and does not pose a
serious problem.
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Masalah dalam jaringan seluler
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Teknologi Seluler
1G
wireless
2G
wireless
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications)
PDC (Personal Digital Cellular)
- Analog voice service
- No data service
- Digital voice service
- 9.6K to 14.4K bit/sec.
- CDMA, TDMA and PDC offer
one-way data transmissions only
- Enhanced calling features
like caller ID
- No always-on data connection
- Superior voice quality
- Up to 2M bit/sec.
- always-on data
- Broadband data services like video &
multimedia
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- Enhanced roaming
W-CDMA
3G
(Wide-band Code Division
wireless
Multiple Access)
CDMA-2000
1G
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Block diagram of the first
generation cellular network.
 All first generation cellular networks are based on analog
technology and use FM modulation. An example of the first
generation cellular telephone system is Advanced Mobile Phone
Services (AMPS)
AMPS
 Pioneer of cellular
telecommunications
 FDMA-based analog system
 Low capacity of subscriber per
cell
 Unsecure
 Phone number can be scanned
and copied
 Voice conversation is not
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2G
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Second Generation
Wireless Networks
 Second generation wireless systems employ
digital modulation and advanced call
processing capabilities.
 Examples of second generation wireless
systems include :
 Global System for Mobile (GSM),
 IS-54 TDMA and
 IS-95 CDMA TIA digital standards.
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GSM
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Global System for Mobile
Communications
 Beroperasi pada band frekuensi 900, 1800 atau 1900 MHz .
 Teknologi seluler paling populer hampir di seluruh negara-negara di
dunia
 TDMA-based digital system
 8 kali kapasitas AMPS per frequency band
 Secure
 Seluruh informasi yang dipertukarkan antara Mobile Station (MS)
dan Base Station (BS) dienkripsi
A5
Algorithm
A5
Algorithm
BS/MSC/AU
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Architecture of the GSM
network
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Elemen jaringan GSM untuk user
(trafik)
Network elements for (user) traffic
1. MS
2. BSS terdiri dari dua buah perangkat : BTS dan
BSC
3. MSC
4. gateway MSC (GMSC)
5. Short message service centre (SMS-C)
6. IMS
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MOBILE STATION
 The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment, i.e. the handset,
and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
 The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access
to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting
the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive and
make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.
 The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile
Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the
system, a secret key for authentication and other information.
 The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal
mobility.
 The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a
password or personal identity number.
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Mobile station
MS =
 Merupakan terminal
transceiver
 Diidentifikasikan dengan IMEI
tertentu
 IMEI = International Mobile
Equipment Identity
 MS terdiri dari :
 Mobile Equipment (ME)/HP
 Subscriber Identification
Module (SIM)
+
SIM
ME
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SIM Card

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Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) adalah sebuah smart card
yang berisi seluruh informasi user dan beberapa feature dari
GSM
Informasi yang ada berupa :
 Authentication Key “Ki”
 2 algorithma enkripsi. Yaitu algoritma autentikasi A3 dan
A8 sebagai cipher key
 IMSI and TMSI
 Service tambahan
SIM card dilindungi oleh sebuah mekanisme Personal Identity
Number (PIN) yang dimiliki user
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Base Transceiver Station
(BTS)
 BSS terdiri dari dua buah
perangkat :
 Base Transceiver Station
(BTS)
 Base Station Controller
(BSC)
 BTS merupakan tranceiver
yang mendefinisikan sebuah
sel dan menangani hubungan
link radio dengan MS.
 BTS terdiri dari perangkat
pemancar dan penerima,
seperti antena dan pemroses
sinyal untuk sebuah interface
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BTS
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Base Station Controller
BSC mengatur sumber radio untuk
sebuah BTS atau lebih.
 BSC merutekan panggilan ke MSC
 BSC menangani radio-channel
setup, frequency hopping, dan
handover intern BSC
 Menangani proses call control
 Maintain database pelanggan
 Maintains record panggilan
untuk billing
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BSC
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Network Sub-system
(NSS)
NSS terdiri dari :
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
 Home Location Register (HLR)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 Authentication Center (AuC)
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
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Network Sub-system
(NSS)
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Mobile Switching Center
(MSC)
 Melakukan fungsi switching dasar
 Mengatur BSC melalui A-interface
 Sebagai penghubung antara satu jaringan GSM dengan jaringan
lainnya melalui Internetworking Function (IWF)
MSC
Provides and controls mobile access to the PSTN. Interprets the
dialed number, routes and switches call to destination number. Also
manages mobile’s supplementary services. Maintains a register of
visitors operating within the coverage area of the MSC’s connected
BTSs.
PDSN: Packet data service node is basically a packet router.
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) : This controls a number of cells (or
cluster), arranges base stations and channels for the mobiles and handles
connections.
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Network elements as
databases
Network elements as databases
1. HLR Home Location Register
2. VLR Visitor Location Register
3. AUC Authentication Center
4. EIR Equipment Identity Register
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Home Location Register (HLR)
 HLR berisi rekaman database permanen dari pelanggan dan merupakan database
user yang utama.
 HLR juga berisi rekaman lengkap lokasi terkini dari user.
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Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 VLR berisi database sementara dari pelanggan
 VLR digunakan untuk pelanggan lokal dan yang sedang melakukan
roaming.
 VLR memiliki pertukaran data yang luas daripada HLR.
 VLR diakses oleh MSC untuk setiap panggilan, dan MSC dihubungkan
dengan VLR
 Setiap MSC terhubung dengan sebuah VLR, tetapi satu VLR dapat
terhubung dengan beberapa MSC
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Authentication Center
(AuC)
 Berisi parameter authentikasi pelanggan untuk mengakses
jaringan GSM.
 AuC berisi parameter seperti Ki, algorithma A3 atau A8
 AuC memproduksi tiga buah parameter autentikasi seperti
(SRES, RAND, Kc) dan menyimpannya di VLR.
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Equipment Identity Register
(EIR)
 EIR merupakan register penyimpan data seluruh mobile
stations
 EIR berisi IMEI (international Mobile Equipment Identities),
yang merupakan nomor seri perangkat + tipe code tertentu
 Mobile Equipment dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok :
 Black list
 Grey list
 White list
* catatan: EIR belum diterapkan di Indonesia.
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Operation Sub-system
(OSS)
 Operation dan Maintenance Jaringan
 Pengaturan pelanggan dan tagihan
 Pengaturan Mobile Equipment
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Interface
 Antara BTS dan BSC dihubungkan oleh Abis
interface
 BTS berkomunikasi dengan MS dengan Um interface
MSC
Transcoder
BSC
BTS
A Interface
Ater Interface
Abis Interface
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Konsep kanal pada GSM
Kanal terdiri dari dua jenis :
1. Kanal fisik:
 Satu TimeSlot(TS) frameTDMA merupakan satu kanal fisik
 Setiap carrier RF terdiri dari 8 TS(CH 0 – 7)
2. Kanal Logic:
 Kanal Trafik (TCH) dapat membawa suara atau data untuk
layanan komunikasi. TCH dibagi dua jenis, full rate channel
dengan Bit rate 13 Kbps dan half rate channel dengan
kecepatan bit 6,5 Kbps
 Kanal Kontrol digunakan untuk keperluan signalling
 Kanal logik ditumpangkan pada kanal fisik
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Konsep Kanal GSM
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Traffic channels
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Control channels
 Common channels can be accessed both by idle mode and dedicated
mode mobiles. The common channels are used by idle mode mobiles to
exchange the signaling information required to change to dedicated
mode. Mobiles already in dedicated mode monitor the surrounding base
stations for handover and other information.
 The common channels are defined within a 51-frame multiframe, so that
dedicated mobiles using the 26-frame multiframe TCH structure can still
monitor control channels.
The common channels include:
 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
 Continually broadcasts, on the downlink, information including base
station identity, frequency allocations, and frequency-hopping
sequences
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Control Channel
 Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) and Synchronization
Channel (SCH)
 Used to synchronize the mobile to the time slot structure of a
cell by defining the boundaries of burst periods, and the time
slot numbering. Every cell in a GSM network broadcasts
exactly one FCCH and one SCH, which are by definition on
time slot number 0 (within a TDMA frame)
 Random Access Channel (RACH)
 Slotted Aloha channel used by the mobile to request access to
the network.
 Paging Channel (PCH)
 Used to alert the mobile station of an incoming call.
 Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
 Used to allocate an SDCCH to a mobile for signaling (in order
to obtain a dedicated channel), following a request on the
RACH
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Timing Advance Control
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Hirarki Kanal Logic GSM
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Signal Processing in GSM
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Data Service in GSM
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SPEECH CODING
 GSM is a digital system, so speech, which is inherently analog, has to
be digitized. The GSM group studied several speech coding algorithms
on the basis of subjective speech quality and complexity (which is
related to cost, processing delay and power consumption once
implemented) before arriving at the choice of a Regular Pulse Excited Linear Predictive Coder (RPE-LPC) with a long term predictor loop.
Basically, information from previous samples, which does not change
very quickly, is used to predict the current sample. The coefficients of
the linear combination of the previous samples, plus an encoded form
of the residual, the difference between the predicted and actual sample,
represent the signal. Speech is divided into 20 (ms) samples, each of
which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13kbps (kilobits
per second). This is the so-called full-rate speech coding.
 Recently, an enhanced full-rate (EFR) speech coding algorithm has
been implemented by some North American GSM1900 operators. This
is said to provide improved speech quality using the existing 13 kbps bit
rate.
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FUTURE OF GSM
 GSM, together with other technologies, is part
of an evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunication that includes




High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD),
General Packet Radio System (GPRS),
Enhanced Datarate GSM Environment (EDGE), and
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
(UMTS).
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2.5G
GPRS, EDGE
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Sistem GPRS

Secara umum General Packet Radio Service atau GPRS adalah suatu teknologi
yang memungkinkan pengiriman dan penerimaan data lebih cepat jika dibandingkan
dengan penggunaan teknologi Circuit Switch Data atau CSD.

Jaringan GPRS merupakan jaringan terpisah dari jaringan GSM dan saat ini hanya
digunakan untuk aplikasi data.

Komponen-komponen utama jaringan GPRS adalah :
 GGSN; gerbang penghubung jaringan GSM ke jaringan internet
 SGSN; gerbang penghubung jaringan BSS/BTS ke jaringan GPRS
 PCU; komponen di level BSS yang menghubungkan terminal ke jaringan GPRS

Secara teori kecepatan pengiriman data GPRS dapat mencapai 115 kb/s. Namun
dalam implementasinya sangat tergantung dari berbagai hal seperti:
 Konfigurasi dan Alokasi time slot di level Radio/BTS
 Teknologi software yang digunakan
 Dukungan ponsel

Ini menjelaskan mengapa pada saat-saat tertentu; di lokasi tertentu; akses GPRS
terasa lambat; dan bahkan bisa lebih
lambat
dari akses CSD yang memiliki
Jaringan
Telekomunikasi
75
kecepatan 9,6 kb/s
Perbedaan GSM dengan
GPRS
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Arsitektur Dasar Jaringan GPRS dalam
GSM
SGSN
BSC
GGSN
Gb
Gn
Gi
P
C
U
BT S
PDN
BT S
Gf
Gc
Gr
Gs
MS
D
EIR&AUC
SGSN
GGSN
PDN
MSC DATABASE
HLR
VLR
RAN NETWORK
G
R
CORE NET WORK
Serving GPRS Suport Node
GatewayGPRS Support Node
Public Data Network
Jaringan Telekomunikasi
User Data and Signalling
Signalling
77
GPRS Architecture Network
Diagram
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EDGE
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EDGE Network
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3G
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Third Generation Wireless
Networks
 The aim of third generation wireless networks is to provide a
single system that can meet a wide range of applications and
provide universal access.
 The third generation networks will carry many types of information
such as voice , data and video and serve both stationary and fixed
users.
 Some of the systems proposed for the third generation systems
are
 CDMA2000 which is backward compatible to systems based
on IS 95 and
 WCDMA which is backward compatible to GSM systems.
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Umts
UMTS technology delivers high-speed access to
information, email, multimedia content, as well
as other wireless Internet services through a
variety of personal, portable devices
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The Future of CDMA Services
The CDMA2000 family meets the marketplace’s demand for voice and data
services.
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

Peak 2.4 Mbps Packet Data

Peak 3.1 Mbps Packet Data

Data Only Services

VoIP and Data Services

Non Real-time Services

Real-time Services
HIGH DATA RATE & CAPACITY
E-MAIL
w/ Attachment
S/W
Download
1X
REAL TIME
IS-95
Video
Conference
Music
Download
NON-REAL TIME
1XEV-DO
Rev. A
1xEV-DO
Live Video
Broadcast
Full Web Browsing
E-MAIL
1xEV-DV
Download
Ringers
Multi-Media
Messaging
Transaction
Based Apps
Interactive
Gaming
Location Based
Services
Voice
SMS
CDMA2000 1X
CDMA2000 1xEV-DV

2X Voice Capacity

Peak 3.1 Mbps Data

Peak 153.6 Kbps Data

Simultaneous Voice & Data

Real-Time Multi-Media Services
LOW-MED DATA & CAPACITY
Adopting technology somewhat like waiting for computer prices to come down??
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Soal

Pada komunikasi seluler yang menggunakan
standar GSM, diketahui ukuran cluster 7 dan
jumlah kanal radio 70




Berapa faktor reuse?
Hitung jumlah kanal suara per sel
Jika replikasi 5 kali, berapa kapasitas sistem?
Jarak co-channel 41 km, berapa jari-jari sel?
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