Transcript week 9

Slide 09.1

Chapter 09

Building an information architecture Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.2

Objectives and outcomes

• Identify the parts of an information architecture strategy • Review information architecture techniques and tools • Understand the success factors for design of information architecture for a range of information environments • Assess the factors contributing to an effective information architecture Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.3

Management issues

• How do I match information architecture to business processes?

• Which information modelling tool do I select?

• How do we design information architecture for an intranet?

• How can our information systems interoperate?

• How can I develop information security policies?

Chaffey and Wood

Business Information Management

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Slide 09.4

Introduction

• Information Architecture : ‘definition and structure of organizational information related to information systems ’ • Systems Development Lifecycle: ‘A model representing sequential stages for systems development’ • IEEE: ‘architected’ systems seem to turn out ‘faster, better and cheaper’ and that ‘architecture is recognised as a critical element in the successful development and evolution of software intensive systems’ Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.5

Systems Development lifecycle Figure 9.1

Systems Development lifecycle

Source:

(adapted from Hoffer

et al

, 2002) Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.6

Enterprise Architecture Figure 9.2

Enterprise Architecture Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.7

Benefits

Key benefits of information architecture will be: • Reduction in the costs in finding information • Improved efficiency of information based organizational process • New value derived from information through reuse Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.8

Information Architecture Process Figure 9.3

Information Architecture Process Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.9

Information Architecture strategy

• An overall information architecture framework for an organization related to higher level strategies • The strategy will include: – Objectives of how information architecture supports organizational strategies already defined – Relationship between information architecture and the different systems required – Details of technology integration – Procedures for applying common data and information definitions across the organization Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.10

Systems Analysis

• The aim of the systems analysis process is to create an information model derived from evidence from the requirements stage • Information model: A conceptual model of information related to organizational functions or processes Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.11

Identifying information architecture requirements

• Using the results from the information and knowledge audits • Identifying stakeholders • Questionnaires • Interviews • Observation • Audit of documentation Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.12

Information flow diagrams

• A simple high-level diagram illustrating information flows • The diagram will illustrate source and destinations Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.13

Information flow diagram key Figure 9.5

Information flow diagram key Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.14

Simple information flow illustration Figure 9.6

Simple information flow illustration Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.15

Information flow diagram illustrating sales process for the Lo-Cost Airline Company Figure 9.7

Information flow diagram illustrating sales process for the Lo-Cost Airline Company Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.16

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

• A graphical representation in the form of a diagram illustrating external sources, flows, processes and data stores • Data flow: ‘data in motion, moving from one place to another. A data flow could represent data on a customer order form or a payroll check.’ Hoffer et al. (2002) Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.17

Data flow diagram key Figure 9.8

Data flow diagram key Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.18

Data flow diagram Figure 9.9

Data flow diagram Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.19

Data flow diagram cont’d Figure 9.10

Data flow diagram cont’d Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.20

Entity relationship diagrams

• An entity is a self-contained piece of data that can be referenced as a unit • Entity relationship diagram: A graphical representation that displays, entities, relationships and attributes Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.21

Entity relationship diagram key: Lo-Cost Airline Company Figure 9.11

Entity relationship diagram key: Lo-Cost Airline Company Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.22

Entity Relationship Diagram: Lo-Cost Airline Company: One-to-one relationship Figure 9.12

Entity Relationship diagram Lo-Cost Airline Company: One-to-One Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.23

Entity relationship Diagram: Lo-Cost Airline Company: One-to-many Figure 9.13

Entity relationship diagram Lo-Cost Airline Company: One-to-many Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.24

Entity relationship Diagram: Lo-Cost Airline Company: Many-to-many Figure 9.14

Entity relationship diagram Lo-Cost Airline Company: Many-to-many Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.25

Entity Relationship Diagram: Lo-Cost Airline Company decomposition Figure 9.15

Entity Relationship diagram Lo-Cost Airline Company: decomposition Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.26

Final Entity Relationship Diagram: Lo-Cost Airline Company Figure 9.16

Entity Relationship diagram Lo-Cost Airline Company Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.27

UML

• Unified Object Modelling language • A visual modelling methodology covering the notation and ways of specifying, modelling and documenting object-oriented systems • Object: ‘A person, a thing, or concept. Building blocks of object oriented systems. Object know things and do things’ Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.28

UML

• Use case analysis: ‘A view of describing the sequence of actions and functionality a system should deliver facilitating the work of actors’ • Actor: ‘Someone or something (person, organization or external system) that interacts with the system’ Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.29

Interoperability

• Interoperability: ‘The ability of computer systems to work together, conforming to common standards’ • Improving efficiency in reuse of information • Avoid mistakes from duplication • Implementing enterprise search engines Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.30

Interoperability assessment Information type System Structure Format Destinations (internal) Destinations (external)

Reports Intranet Dublin core meta data MS Word Entire organisation Product sheets Shared drive Title and author MS Word Entire organisation Customers Sales Invoice Shared drive Title(scanned document) TIFF image Accounts department Customers Customer records Database Relational database MS access Entire organisation

Table 9.6

Interoperability assessment table Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.31

Security Analysis

• Information Security: ‘protection of information and the systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that information’ (Whitman, 2003) • key features of information security are: – Availability. Making sure information is available to those who need it and that they can use the information when appropriate.

– Authenticity. Making sure the information received is the same as the original source.

– Confidentiality. Making sure information access is only available to those who require it. The opposite side to availability.

– Integrity. Safeguarding the accuracy of information – is it the same as the original? Has it been altered or corrupted? Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.32

Security: PDCA model

• Plan: establish policy, objectives, targets, processes and procedures relevant to managing risk and improving information security to deliver results in accordance with an organization’s overall policies and objectives.

• Do: Implement and operate the security policy, controls, processes and procedures.

• Check: Assess, and where applicable, measure process performance against security policy, objectives and practical experience and report the results to management for review.

• Act: Take corrective and preventive actions, based on the results of the management review, to achieve continual improvement.

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Slide 09.33

PDCA Model Figure 9.23

PDCA model Source: BSI, BS 7799 –2:2001, Figure 1 Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.34

Design: database design

• The process of database design requires the information architect to define the structure of a database • The process of normalisation is used to optimise the database to minimise redundancy or duplication of information • In order to ensure consistent database design across an organization, many organizations using the same types of information will use a data dictionary Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.35

Design: web design

• Consider the difference between websites and intranets • Web blueprint: an overview sitemap indicating page types and page components and their relationship to the home page • Wireframes: also known as schematics, a way of illustrating the layout of an individual webpage Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.36

Web Design Process Figure 9.27

Web design process Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.37

Web blueprint for a university Intranet Figure 9.28

Web blueprint for a university Intranet Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.38

Basic wireframe for a university intranet with global elements Figure 9.29

Basic wireframe for a university intranet with global elements Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.39

Basic wireframe for a university intranet with global elements and unique elements Figure 9.30

Basic wireframe for a university intranet with global elements and unique elements Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.40

Navigation systems

• Narrow and deep : few links on the pages, but more clicks requires to move down the structure the to required information destination • Broad and shallow: more links on pages, less clicks to information destination • Breadcrumbs • Search versus browse Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.41

Broad and shallow navigation Figure 9.31

Broad and shallow navigation Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.42

Narrow and deep navigation Figure 9.32

Narrow and deep navigation Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.43

Global, local and contextual navigation Figure 9.33

Global, local and contextual navigation

Source:

Rosenfeld and Morville (2002) Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.44

Using standards and guidelines for web design

• Consistent application of design standards and organizational style • Manuals, templates and style guides • Example: UK Government web guidelines Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.45

Designing for Interoperability

• Controlled vocabulary: a list of equivalent terms. Often enumerated • Taxonomy: a browsable hierarchy of organizational classification terms • Thesaurus: a more developed and complex controlled vocabulary, showing relationships in terms of hierarchy, equivalence and association Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.46

Using Extensible Markup Language – XML

• XML is a vital component of interoperable information architectures • By agreeing to a given DTD or schema, a group of developers has accepted a set of rules about document vocabulary and structure • Enables information consistency Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.47

XML Schemas

• A set of rules XML language for specifying the structures of XML document types • Documents that reference schemas must conform to the rules specified • Alternative to DTDs • Example of use: UK Government Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.48

XML in action: RSS

• A version of XML and RDF that offers a standardised way of syndicating news headlines • Core elements – Title – Link – Description • See in action: Guardian Newspaper: http://www.onlineblog.com/ Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.49

Usability

• British Standard definition: ‘extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use’ (1999) • Two parts (Badre) • Ease of learning: the time it takes users to learn how to do a job using the system compared to another method • Ease of use: the minimum number of actions required to complete a task successfully Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.50

Security Design

• Whitman (2003): – Logical security design: blueprints that examine and implement key policies – Physical security design: technology required to support the blueprints. Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.51

Security Policies

• ‘The rules for the protection of information assets of the organization’ (Whitman, 2003) • High level and targeted policies • The purpose of an acceptable use policy is to summarise the overall policy for users, outlining the responsibilities the user has to information security in the organization Chaffey and Wood

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Slide 09.52

Security design:physical

• The level and use of the above technologies will be related to levels of risk assessment in the planning stage. • Options: – Deployment of firewalls – Intrusion detection systems (IDS) – Encryption technologies – Access control devices – Wireless access devices – Remote access Chaffey and Wood

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