Transcript power_point_adolescent_physical_and_cognitive_development
Applied Child & Adolescent Development
Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Conceptions of Adolescence
Biological perspective
puberty storm and stress Freud – genital stage
Social perspective
social and cultural influences
Balanced point of view
both biological and social influences Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Corbis Images
Three Phases of Adolescence
Early
11 –12 to 14 years Rapid pubertal change
Middle
14 to 16 years Puberty nearly complete
Late
16 to 18 years
F
ull adult appearance Anticipation of adult roles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Hormonal Changes in Puberty
Growth hormone and thyroxine increase around age 8 –9.
Estrogens
more in girls adrenal estrogens
Androgens
more in boys testosterone ©Camille Bruggner/Dreamstime.com
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Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence Growth spurt Boys
starts age 12½
Girls
starts age 10
Proportions
shoulders broaden, longer legs hips broaden
Muscle –fat makeup
gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency gain more fat Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Decline in Physical Activity from Ages 9 to 15
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Figure 11.2
Sexual Maturation
Primary Sexual Characteristics Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Maturation of the reproductive organs
girls
: menarche
boys
: spermarche Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity
girls:
breasts
boys:
facial hair, voice change
both:
underarm hair Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty
Heredity Nutrition, exercise body fat, leptin in girls Geographical location SES Ethnic group Early family experiences Secular trends Corbis Images Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Adolescent Brain Development
Pruning continues.
Growth and myelination speed up.
Frontal lobes Strengthen connections among regions Cognitive advances attention planning integrating information self-regulation Neurotransmitter response changes.
More sensitive to excitatory messages Intensifies reactions to stress pleasure, novelty Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Sleep Habits in Adolescence
Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later biological “phase delay” social habits Lack of sleep impairs regulation of attention, emotion lower achievement mood problems high-risk behaviors Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Reactions to Puberty
Girls
Surprise More positive than in past
Boys
Mixed reactions Sooner than expected Preparation, information help Father’s involvement helps Ethnic variations Preparation helps Could benefit from telling people Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Adolescent Moodiness
©Joe Mercier/Dreamstime.com
More negative life events Stronger responses Mood swings related to daily events cultural scripts Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Adolescent Emotions Across the Week
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Figure 11.3
Parent –Child Relationships During Adolescence
Rise in conflict
adaptive behavior psychological distancing different views of teen readiness for responsibility
Most conflict is mild.
also affection, support Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Consequences of Timing of Puberty Early Maturing Late Maturing Girls
Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence More deviant behavior Negative body image More long-term problems Popular Sociable, lively, school leaders Positive body image
Boys
Popular Confident, independent Positive body image Unpopular Anxious, talkative, attention-seeking Negative body image Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Factors in Reactions to Timing of Puberty
Physical attractiveness – body image girls: most want to be thinner, smaller boys: most want to be bigger Fitting in with peers prefer similar level of physical maturity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
©Isabel Poulin/Dreamstime.com
Nutrition in Adolescence
Calorie needs increase.
Poor food choices common less fruits, vegetables less milk, breakfast more soda, fast food Iron, vitamin deficiencies Eating with family can help.
Discourage fad diets.
©Monkey Business Images/Dreamstime.com
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Corbis Images
Eating Disorders
Severe dieting strong indicator Family relationships Cultural pressure anorexia nervosa starve out of fear of getting fat difficult to treat bulimia nervosa strict diet and exercise, then binge and purge more common, easier to treat Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Adolescent Sexuality
North American attitudes restrictive media contradicts family messages abstinence programs more liberal over past 40 years most say premarital sex OK for committed partners Activity matches attitudes rates declining since 1990s few partners Corbis Images Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Talking to Adolescents About Sex
Foster open communication.
Use correct terms.
Listen, discuss, collaborate.
Think before talking.
Keep conversations going.
The Internet can be a hazardous educator.
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Sexually Active Adolescents
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Figure 11.4
Figure 11.5
Adolescent Contraceptive Use
Recent increase in use But many Americans, Canadians do not use Reasons for not using: concern about image adolescent risk-taking social environment forced intercourse unrealistic about consequences Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents
Personal
Early puberty Tendency to violate norms Little religious involvement
Family
Step, single-parent, or large family Weak parental monitoring, parent –child communication
Peer
Sexually active friends or siblings
Educational
Poor school performance Low educational goals Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Sequence of Coming Out
Feeling different
ages 6 –12
Confusion
ages 11 –15
Self-acceptance
timing varies Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Gay Lifestyles
Adolescents and STDs
Adolescents highest STD rate high rate in United States 1 in 6 teens, among sexually active AIDS most serious manifests 8 –10 years later often infected during adolescence Females more easily infected Education improving Teens and Young Adults Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Statistics
Teens pregnant each year Percent of teen pregnancies ended with abortion Percent of teen mothers who are unmarried Repeat teen births 750,000 –850,000 (25,000 under age 15) 40% 86% 35% within two years
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Risks for Teen Mothers
Less educational achievement More time as single parents Economic problems Pregnancy and birth complications Lack of parenting skills Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Pregnancy Rates Among 15- to 19-Year-Olds
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Figure 11.6
Help for Teen Pregnancy
Prevention Strategies
more sex education skills for handling sexual situations promoting abstinence information and access to contraceptives academic and social competence school involvement
Intervention with Teenage Parents
health care help staying in school job and life-management training parenting instruction adult mentors affordable child care father support Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Adolescent Parenthood
Mother’s age at childbirth strong predictor of next generation’s age at childbirth Not inevitable, but linked to home environment, parenting intelligence, education father’s absence Absolute Family Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Adolescent Substance Use
Have tried, by grade 10:
cigarettes – 40% alcohol – 63% illegal drugs – 38%
By end of high school:
17% smoke regularly 28% recent heavy drinking 40%+ tried illegal drugs Figure 11.7
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Adolescent Substance Abusers
Compared to experimenters: more antisocial, impulsive acts start earlier more likely to be affected by genetic and environmental factors low SES family drug use family difficulties physical, sexual abuse poor school performance DigitalVision Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Prevention and Treatment
©Christina Deridder/Dreamstime.com
Best school and community programs: promote effective parenting teach skills to resist peer pressure reduce social acceptability of drugs commit adolescents to drug-free lifestyles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational Stage
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning deducing hypotheses from a general theory pendulum problem Propositional thought evaluating the logic of verbal propositions Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Piaget’s Pendulum Problem
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Figure 11.8
Follow-Up Research on Formal Operational Thought
School-age children start developing abstract thinking skills.
problems with propositional thinking logical necessity Formal operations may not be universal.
training, context contribute often fall back on easier thinking schooling essential factor Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Information-Processing Improvements in Adolescence
Attention Inhibition Memory strategies Knowledge Metacognition Cognitive self-regulation Processing capacity Speed of thinking Corbis Images Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Scientific Reasoning
Coordinating theory with evidence Improves with age from childhood through adulthood individuals vary Contributing factors: working memory capacity exposure to complex problems metacognitive understanding open-mindedness Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Photodisc
Scientific Reasoning Task
Figure 11.9
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Consequences of Abstract Thought
Self-consciousness and self-focusing imaginary audience sensitivity to criticism personal fable Idealism and criticism Planning and decision making inexperience overwhelming options Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Skill Verbal Math Sex Differences in Mental Abilities Performance Biological Influences Environmental Influences
Girls do better from early ages, throughout school Girls: advantage in left hemisphere of brain Boys better at abstract reasoning Gap larger at higher levels, although shrinking Boys: better numerical memory, spatial reasoning Parents talk more to girls Language arts considered “feminine” Math considered “masculine” Parents see boys as better at math Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Gender Differences in Reading and Writing
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Figure 11.10
School Transitions in Adolescence
Grades decline with each transition.
higher standards less supportive teaching – learning environment Lower self-esteem more with 6 –3–3 organization than 8 –4 girls more than boys Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Corbis Images
School Transitions and Students with Problems
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Figure 11.12
Helping Adolescents Adjust to School Transitions
Parental involvement, monitoring Smaller units within schools Homeroom teacher relationships Classes with familiar peers Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Supporting Academic Achievement
Child-rearing practices authoritative joint decision making parent –school partnerships School characteristics classroom learning experiences teaching tracking Peer influences value high achievement Employment schedule vocational education DigitalVision Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
High School Graduation Rates
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Figure 11.13
Dropout Rates by Ethnicity
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Figure 11.14
Dropout Prevention Strategies
High-quality vocational training Remedial instruction Personalized counseling address factors in students’ lives outside school Extracurricular activities Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
DigitalVision
Benefits of Extracurricular Activities
Academic performance Social skills, peer acceptance Self-esteem, confidence Less antisocial behavior Improved family relationships Sports and Recreation Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.