Transcript AP Biology
AP Biology
Intro to Organic Molecules & Lipids
Life is based on Carbon Carbon atoms are versatile building blocks Special bonding properties Has 4 valence electrons so it can form 4 stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements Bonds with
CHNOPS
– the elements that make up living things; Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
H H C H
Lipids Lipids are organic molecules essential for life that are composed mostly of C, H, O 4 types of lipids fats (triglycerides) phospholipids steroids waxes
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Triglycerides Fat molecules Structure = 3 fatty acids chains linked to glycerol Functions = long term energy storage and insulation for animals Can be saturated or unsaturated Glycerol 3 fatty acids
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Saturated fats All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds long, straight chain most animal fats and butter solid at room temperature contributes to cardiovascular disease
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Unsaturated fats At least one C=C double bond in the fatty acids plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature
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Saturated vs. unsaturated
saturated unsaturated AP Biology
Phospholipids Structure: 2 fatty acids chains + phosphate head Fatty acid chains = non-polar = hydrophobic “water fearing” Phosphate head = polar = hydrophillic “water loving” Function: make up cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
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Steroids Structure: 4 fused Carbon rings examples: cholesterol – Function =control the fluidity of the cell membrane hormones – Function = regulate processes in the body (such as pregnancy) vitamins (A, B, D) – Function = supports metabolism and cell processes
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Waxes Solid at room temp Insoluble in water Function: Protective covering for animals and plants Examples: Beeswax Earwax Cuticle of leaf (keeps water in)
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Which of the following is an example of a type of triglyceride?
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A fat containing 3 saturated fatty acids A fat containing 2 saturated fatty acids & 1 unsaturated fatty acid A fat containing 3 unsaturated fatty acids All of the above eufic.org aafp.org mpkb.org
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2 Which of the following types of fats (triglycerides) would be an oil at room temperature and would be healthier to eat since its bent carbon & hydrogen chains and don’t stack well?
Unsaturated fat WITHOUT any C to C double bonds Saturated fat WITHOUT any C to C double bonds Unsaturated fat containing C=C Saturated fat containing C=C Steroids like testosterone hormone or cholesterol
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eufic.org aafp.org mpkb.org
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3 Which type of lipid makes up the majority of the cell membrane?
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phospholipids waxes steroids triglycerides
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essortment.com alevelnotes.com
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4 Phospholipids contain: 1.
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A hydrophobic polar phosphate head & 2 hydrophilic nonpolar fatty acid tails A hydrophilic polar phosphate head & 2 hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid tails
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http://myhome.sunyocc.edu/~weiskirl/Alcamo_membra ne.gif
5 Which is an example of a steroid?
Structure of triglycerides: fats & oils 1.
Fatty acids 2.
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Sex hormones Phospholipids 4.
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Olive Oil Triglycerides
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Structure of sex hormones
6 What is the function of a triglyceride?
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Stores and transfers genetic information Long term energy storage, as well as insulation & protection Control the rate of reactions Help to fight disease
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7 What is the function of hormones such as the steroid hormones?
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Communication & cooperation between cells Short term energy storage Structural building materials Compose the bilayer cell membrane
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8 What is the cholesterol considered a steroid?
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They have a similar hydrophobic structure The both contain rings made mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms They are both nonpolar covalent All of the above cholesterol
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