Transcript Methods of Mass Production and Destruction 1914-1937

THE WORLD’S HISTORY
Fourth Edition
Chapter
19
Methods of Mass
Production and
Destruction
1914-1937
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Methods of Mass Production and
Consumption Scientific and Technological
Creativity
• Wave of technology continues in 20th
cent.
– Hydroelectric energy and incandescent bulb
– Edison and planned invention
– Internal combustion engine (Daimler/Benz)
– Telephone, telegraph, radio
– Impacts of chemistry
– Antiseptic surgery, X-rays, public health
 U. S. life expectancy at birth reaches 50 in 1910
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Scientific and Technological
Creativity
• Laboratories pursue inventions
systematically
• Advancements in physics have long range
impact
– Einstein on relativity and nature of light
– Only the speed of light remains constant
according to these new understandings
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Gender Relations
• Labor-saving household raises
expectations of how women should
manage the home but bicycle provides
mobility and freedom
• Adolescent exploration of sexuality occurs
in wake of films on birth control
• Sexuality becomes a field of study with
focus on gender differences
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Urbanization and Migration
• Mechanization of agriculture depleted rural
employment & promoted migration to cities
• Once simply the home of industry, urban
life flowers into place of entertainment,
department store fashions, and spectacle
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Other Side of Progress
• Militarized Competition among the Great
Powers
– German/British economic competition spills
over into weaponry
– Security tied to continued operation of the
balance of power in diplomacy
– Freud highlights primal forces & aggression
that threaten rational pursuit of security
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outside Europe
• India
– Chemistry produces artificial indigo dye
 Had been produced on farms in India for export
– 1911 royal convocation (darbar) held in Delhi
to avoid Indian reactions against British
– Britain maintains control of India by pitting
Muslims against Hindus
– Early stages of freedom movement underway
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outside Europe
• China
– Faith in Confucian principles retarded
Chinese adoption of new approaches to
production
– 1911 revolution ushers in Republic
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outside Europe
• China [cont.]
– Leader of movement is Sun Yat-sen
 Educated outside China
 Advocated “Three People’s Principles”
 Nationalism, democracy and Chinese technology
– Rejected Marxism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outside Europe
• Latin America
– Early industrialization combined British money
and creole leadership in country
– Governments in caudillo hands--not
democratic
– New immigrants from Europe advocate reform
– Army, imbued with nationalism, seeks reform
– No land reform on agenda--movement does
not reach daily lives of the poor
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outside Europe
• Latin America [cont.]
– The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1930
 Few prospering in early 20th century
 Rebellions end long reign of Porfiro Diaz after
planned reelection attempt in 1910
 Zapata offers Plan of Ayala to help peasantry
 Instability despite Constitution of 1917
 Obregon prevails over Carranza in 1920
 Mexico an inspirational model for Latin America
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outside Europe
• The Ottoman Empire
– Retained economic autonomy but had large
debts owed to Europeans
– Europe asserted right to intervene on behalf
of Christian communities
– Young Turks (1908) take over government but
can’t solve problems
– World War I ends Ottoman empire, Turkey the
remnant
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War I, 1914-1918
• Outbreak of war shows lack of system to
prevent war
• Conflict quickly becomes war of attrition
– Trench warfare
– Multiple fronts
• US entry in 1917 tips balance to Allies
– Sinking of Lusitania; Zimmerman Note
• 70 million involved; 10 million killed
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War I, 1914-1918
• Post-war Expectations and Results
– “Make the world safe for democracy”
 Countries for Austro-Hungarian minorities
 Freedom for components of Ottoman Empire
 Jews to Palestine (Balfour Declaration)
 India edges onto the path to independence
 Right to vote for women
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War I, 1914-1918
• The Paris Peace Settlements, 1919
– Advocates for new states abound
– Political borders of Europe redrawn
– Old empires vanish from map
 Russian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian
– Germany restructured
 Borders reduced
 War guilt clause
 Reparations
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War I, 1914-1918
• The League of Nations
– High hopes at creation fade as flaws emerge
 US does not participate
 National self-determination problems
 Antagonism toward colonial rulers
– Japanese gains prompt May 4th movement
– India does not gain steps toward freedom
– African colonies remain in European hands
– Mandate system suggests limits on
colonialism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Russian Revolution
• The Build-up to Revolution, 1914-17
– Russian westernization prior to 20th century
– Industrialization minimal
 Needed foreign investment
– Agriculture unproductive
 Peasants lack incentive and agricultural
technology
 Subdivision of land leaves farms without much
land
 Land sales to outsiders banned
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Russian Revolution
• Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
– Lenin sought immediate communist revolution
– Tsarist commitment to war ruins Russia
– 1st 1917 Revolution creates legislature and
continuation of war
– 2nd 1917 Revolution brings Bolsheviks to
power on promise of “Peace, Land and
Bread”
– Terror and New Economic Plan in wake of
1917 Bolshevik takeover
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Russian Revolution
• State Planning in Soviet Russia
– Lenin industrializes with western advice
– His death in 1924 ushered in power struggle
– Stalin defeats Trotsky but implements his “law
of combined development with Five Year
Plans
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Russian Revolution
• State Planning in Soviet Russia [cont.]
– Collectivization of agriculture in 1929
 Many farmers refuse to share crops
 Liquidation of kulaks (wealthier peasants)
– Industrial success seen as role model by
some
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Russian Revolution
• Women in the Soviet Union
– Government ordered equal pay for equal work
but did not enforce the requirement
– Women bore “double burden” of wage labor
plus household responsibility
– Abortion commonplace
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Post-War America
• US technological/financial leader after war
– Consumer goods include washers & radios
• Changes in roles of women
– Birth control and new images
• Uninvolved in world except Latin America
• Labor unrest grows between wars
• “Red Scare” and active Ku Klux Klan
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Post-War America
• The Depression
– Economic downturn accelerated by German
war debt
– Unemployment high in world except Russia
– U. S. “New Deal” reforms nation
 Social welfare measures include social security
 New regulations of business; Pro-labor policies
– Germany moves toward Nazism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What Difference Do they Make?
• Early 20th Century taught skepticism
– Technology brought more than a better life
– Nationalism brought unity and war
– Revolutions promised more than they
delivered
– War ended amidst realization it would resume
– Totalitarianism emerged in midst of “civilized”
world
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.