02 Classical Music Part 2 the Symphony
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Transcript 02 Classical Music Part 2 the Symphony
Classical Era
Part 2 – The Symphony
Haydn, Beethoven
The Nature of the Symphony
Historical Background
– Italian opera overture
Several standard techniques including those from
Mannheim
– rocket themes
– steamroller effects
Effects taken from the opera house
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Alternations of loud and soft
Sudden accents
Dramatic pauses
Tremolo/pizzicato
The Classical Orchestra
30–40 players
The Movements of the
Symphony
I.
II.
III.
IV.
fast
slow
moderate
fast
I. First movement
Allegro, sonata-allegro form
Slow introduction
Opposition of two keys
Can be monothematic
II. Second movement
Three-part form (A-B-A), theme and
variations, or modified sonata-allegro
Largo, Adagio, Andante
In contrasting key
Lyrical mood
Emphasized the woodwinds
III. Third movement
Minuet and trio, triple meter
Moderate tempo
Later: scherzo
IV. Fourth Movement
Allegro molto or Presto finale
Sonata-allegro or rondo form
Fast and light
Folk-dance character
Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G minor
I: Sonata-allegro form
Exposition: intense theme, in G minor
– Lyrical second theme, in Bb major
– Codetta closes the exposition
Development
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Rapid modulations
Three-note motive from the exposition
Thematic development
Building of tension
Recapitulation
– Both themes stated in G minor
Coda closes the movement in G minor
Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G minor
II: Sonata-allegro form
Andante, in E-flat major
Graceful and refined
III: Minuet and trio
G minor
IV: Sonata-allegro
Allegro assai (very fast)
Rocket theme
35. Haydn and the Symphony
Esterházy court
Symphony and string quartet
Joseph Haydn (1732–1809)
Austrian composer
Folk song and dance
St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna
Esterházys
– Esterháza
Two successful trips to England
Died in 1809
Haydn’s Music
String quartet
100-plus symphonies
– London Symphonies
Masses, oratorios
Haydn: Symphony No. 94
(Surprise) (Listening Guide)
London Symphony
40-member orchestra
Haydn: Symphony No. 94
(Surprise) (Listening Guide)
Slow introduction
I: Vivace assai, sonata-allegro form
II: Andante (slower tempo), theme and variations
Theme in C major
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Staccato
Repeated pianissimo
Four variations
Coda
Haydn: Symphony No. 94
(Surprise) (Listening Guide)
III: Allegro molto, minuet form
G major
IV: Allegro molto, sonata-allegro form
Ludwig von Beethoven
36. Beethoven and the Symphony
in Transition
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–
1827)
German composer and pianist
Musical family
Unhappy childhood
Court musician
Played piano for Mozart in
Vienna
Welcomed to Vienna
Treated as equal, not as a
Modified patronage
Concert life and music publishing
Hearing loss
Eccentric genius
Died at age 57, famous and
revered
Theory of cause of death: lead
poisoning
Beethoven’s Music
Three compositional periods
1st: Early career
2nd: Middle career, more “Romantic”
3rd: Late career, introspective, chromatic
harmonies
Symphonies
Nos. 1 and 2, Classical in
style
No. 3, “Eroica,” mature style
– Napoleon dedication
Nos. 5 and 7, exhibit
universal appeal
No. 9, “Choral” Symphony
– Schiller’s Ode to Joy
Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor
Rhythmic idea dominates entire work
– “three shorts and a long”
Cyclical form
Tonality Shift
– C minor to C major
Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor
I: Allegro con brio, sonata-allegro form
– “Three shorts and a long” dominates the texture
II: Serene double theme and variations
– Recurrence of same rhythmic idea
III: Scherzo and trio
– Rocket theme
– Third and fourth movements linked
– Recurrence of same rhythmic idea
IV: Sonata-allegro form
– Recurrence of same rhythmic idea
– Extended coda