Renaissance and Reformation

1450-1750

AP World History Unit 3

Europe during the Renaissance

Italian Renaissance

 The Renaissance was the rebirth of art and learning from 1350 to 1600.

 Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy patrons and tried to outdo each other.

 City-states sponsored innovations in art and architecture.

 linear perspective to show depth.

 Sculptors created natural poses.

Niccolo Machiavelli

    An Italian statesman and writer. Considered one of the most significant political thinkers of the Renaissance. His best-known work,

The Prince.

 Describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for rulers to gain and keep power.

“Machiavellian”  characterized as unscrupulous, treacherous, and cruel toward his political rivals, ”the end justifies the means”

Renaissance Architecture

 Simple, elegant style, inherited from the classical Greek and Roman style.  Magnificent domed cathedrals.

  Brunelleschi's’ cathedral of Florence.

St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

Northern Renaissance

 Especially strong in France, England, and Netherlands.

 Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity.

 Preferred language was Hebrew.  Strongly supported by the middle classes and lesser nobles.

 Leading figures included Shakespeare, Erasmus, and Protestant reformers.

Protestant Reformation

 Martin Luther (1483-1546)  Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517.

 Attacked corruption in Catholic Church  Argument reproduced with the printing press.

 Enthusiastic responses from average Christians.

 By mid-16 th century, half of Germany adopted Lutheranism.

 Luther did not actually create Lutheranism, followers did.

Protestant Reformation

 Reform spread outside Germany.

 Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities and Netherlands.

 Scandinavian kings liked the movement because it removed the Church as a rival.

 English Reformation was sparked by King Henry VII’s desire to get a divorce.

Protestant Reformation

 John Calvin.

 Organized a model Protestant community in Geneva in the 1530s.

 Calvinist missionaries were successful in France.

 Calvinist reformation in Switzerland.

 Presbyterian movement in Scotland.

Branches of Christianity

Catholic Reformation

 Early attempts to reform  Catholic cardinals and bishops call council in early 15 th century.

  Council of Constance deposes rival popes.

Attempts to assert authority over pope  Initial reforms  Catholic intellectuals attack Church corruption.

 Emperor Sigismund attempts to reform the church in Germany.

Catholic Reformation

 Church’s reaction to Luther and the Protestants.

 Charles V and the Church condemned.

 Luther was excommunicated.

 King Henry VIII condemned Luther.

 Inquisition unleashed on the Protestants.

 Spanish use government wealth to fund anti Protestant movements.

Catholic Reformation

 The Council of Trent.

 1545-1563  Organized to reform the Roman Catholic Church.

 Attacked corruption  Reaffirmed traditions.

 Bible was valued as co-equal.

Catholic Reformation

 The Society of Jesus.

 Other wise known as “Jesuits”.

 Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540.

 High standards in education.

 Combated Protestants with logic, faith, and hard work.

 Became confessors and advisors to the kings.

 Worldwide missionaries.

Religious Conflicts and Wars.

 Wars were as much social and political as they were religious.

 Civil War in France.

 French Calvinists (Huguenots) and Catholic League.

 Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles.

 Lasted 36 years.

 1562-1598  Ended with a new dynasty in France.

Religious Conflicts and Wars.

 Spanish Armada  War between Catholic Spain and Protestant England in 1588.

 Spilled over from the conflict in the Netherlands.

 Questions of the heir to the English throne.

 Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth.

Religious Conflicts and Wars

 Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against the rule of Catholic Spain.

 Originally began as a revolt of all the Netherlands against Spain.

 Eventually split the country into Catholic south (Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland).

 Scottish Presbyterians revolt.

 Expelled the Catholic Queen with England’s secret assistance.

 Raised her kidnapped son as a Presbyterian.

Religious Conflicts and Wars

 The Thirty Years’ War        1618-1648 Most destructive European war up until World War I.

Began as a local conflict in Bohemia.

 Eventually involved most of Europe.

Devastated the Holy Roman Empire   Mainly the German states.

Lost 1/3 of the population. The rise of Sweden and the Hapsburgs as a great powers.

 Lowering Spain’s power. Independence for Holland and Switzerland. German was no longer “holy”, “Roman”, or an “empire”.

New Religious Map

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

1450-1750

AP World History Unit 3

Scientific Revolution

 The re-conception of the universe.

 The Ptolemaic universe.

  A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres.

 Could not account for the movements of the planets.

Compatible with the Christian concept of Creation.

 The Copernican universe.

 The sun was the center of the universe, 1543.

 Implied that the earth was just another planet.

 Science becomes the new authority and challenges the faith for control.

 Johannes Kepler (1564-1642)  Demonstrated planetary orbits.

Scientific Revolution

 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)  Located sunspots, moons on Jupiter, and mountains on the moon.

 Theory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated modern law of inertia.

 Tried by the Inquisition because his ideas challenged the Papal infallibility.

Scientific Revolution

 Isaac Newton (1642-1727)  Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1686.

 Mathematical explanations of laws govern movements of bodies.

 His work symbolized the scientific revolution.

  Direct observation Mathematical reasoning

Enlightenment

 Thinkers sought natural laws that governed human society.

 Center was France.

 Theory of progress was a major ideology.

 Applied reason and science to society, government, and laws.

 Voltaire (1694-1778)  Considered the father of the Enlightenment.

 Religious liberty and individual freedom.

Enlightenment

 Adam Smith  Laws of supply and demand determine price.

 Montesquieu  Checks and balance in government.

 Deism  Accepted the existence of a god.

  Denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity.

“God the Clockmaker”.

 Ordered the universe according to rational and natural laws.

Enlightenment

 Impact of the Enlightenment  Weakened the influence of organized religion.

 Encouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation.

 Subjected society to rational analysis.

 Promoted progress and prosperity.

 Applied science to every day life and made science practical.