Blood PPT

Transcript Blood PPT

BLOOD

• Blood Drive – North Gym • Th. March 18 th • 8 AM – 2 PM • Make appt. w/ Ms. Harrell Must be 17 and at least 110 lbs – no tattoos

BLOOD INTRO GUIDE

1. RBC, WBC and platlets 2. 47% for males, 42% for females 3. Plasma 4a. Glucose, amino acids, lipids 4b. CO 2 O 2, 4c. Calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, carbonic acid

4d. Urea, creatine, uric acid, bilirubin 4e. FSH, cortisol – any endocrine hormone 4f. Albumin and globulins 5. Soluble because plasma is a liquid 6a. Gamma globulins 6b. Fibrinogen 6c. Albumin 6d. Alpha and beta globulins

11.2

1. Bone marrow, erythopoietin 2. Low 3. Inhibits 4. Liver, spleen 5. Hemoglobin 6. Globular proteins, heme 7a. Amino acid components recycled to make new proteins 7b. Recycled to make new blood cells 7c. Converted to bilirubin and excreted in bile

C. White Blood Cells

1. Granulocytes= neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils 2. Agranulocytes = monocytes and lymphocytes 3. Granulocytes and monocytes are produced by bone marrow when stimulated by colony stimulating factors

4. Lymphocytes from bone marrow are

• T Cells • B Cells • NK Cells (Natural Killer Cells)

4. Name the lymphocytes that:

• Finish development in thymus = T cells • Immune response when foreign antigen is present = T cells and B cells • Function without previous exposure = NK Cells

5. T cells develop into

functionally different cells that look the

same.

6. CHART a. Neutrophils b. Eosinophils c. Basophils d. Monocytes e. Lymphocytes (B and T cells) f. Natural Killer Cells

D. Leucocytes

(WBCs)

Function - protection by phagocytosis or antibody production and chemical warfare.

a) Structure They have nuclei and don’t contain hemoglobin.

b) 5-9 thousand WBCs/mm 3 c) @ 10-19 microns in diameter depending on type.

3. Two basic groups of leucocytes: a)

Granular leucocytes

i. finish development in the bone marrow ii. Contain small granules and have encapsulated nuclei (see chapter 12) iii. Phagocytic & release digestive enzymes.

iv. 3 kinds of granular leucocytes:

a) b) c) Neutrophils- 60-70% of all WBC-

high neutrophil count indicates an acute infection, especially bacterial.

Eosinophils- 2-4% of all WBCs-

produces antihistamine so a high eosinophil count indicates an allergic reaction.

Basophils- 1% of all WBCs

produces heparin, histamine, and serotonin so it is also involved in the allergic reaction.

b. Agranular leucocytes

Finish development in the lymphatic system.

ii. Produce antibodies and are phagocytic.

iii. 2 kinds of Agranular leucocytes

   Lymphocytes account for 20-25% of all WBCs   B lymphocytes produces antibodies these cells (T-4 helper and T-lymphocyte) are targeted by HIV.



Monocytes (macrophages)

high monocyte counts are seen during chronic infections.

E. Thrombocytes (Platelets)

250-500 thousand platelets/mm 3 . 2.

2-4 microns in diameter.

Function: initiate blood coagulation (a blood clot). 4.MOVIE

Blood Types

Blood Type Movie

1. What are the four distinct blood groups discovered by Karl Landsteiner?

2. How often are blood transfusions performed?

General Info

A.Blood type is genetically determined.

B.There are many surface proteins on RBCs, but there are three commonly used for blood typing: “A”, “B” and Rhesus surface proteins.

1.Surface proteins are called agglutinogens.

2.Antibodies for these surface proteins are called agglutinins.

Blood Type Proteins go to F. ABO Blood Groups

3. Fill in chart

Blood Group Antigens Present AB A B O Antibodies Present

ABO blood groups - HW

Proteins on the surface of RBC are called ANTIGENS.

The body makes ANTIBODIES that react with foreign antigens.

a.Donor’s antibodies amount = dilute, Recipient’s antibodies amount = concentrated b. Therefore, the antibodies of the recipient react with the RBCs of the donor.

c.What will happen? Agglutination, clogging of vessels and perhaps death

5. Predict the outcome: a. B gives to A b. B gives to AB c. O gives to A

Blood Transfusions

What blood type can “A” person receive?

What blood type can “B” person receive?

What blood type can “AB” person receive?

What blood type can “O” person receive?

What blood type is a universal donor?

What blood type is a universal recipient?

Agglutination (clumping) does not appear when the blood sample is mixed with both anti-serums. What is the blood type?

Rh factor

First discovered in Rhesus monkeys.

It was another RBC surface protein.

What does Rh + mean?

Rh protein (antigens) present on RBCs.

No antibodies for Rh antigens.

What does Rh mean?

Rh protein absent on RBCs.

Has the capacity to produce Rh antibodies

• Rh+

Add Rh drawings

Exercise 11.7 – Rh and pregnancy (

erythroblastosis fetalis)

1. Antigen D 1a. Rh+ 1b. Rh 2. Rh+ cells 2a. Foreign to 2b.antibodies

3. Can 3a. Agglutinate 3b. Does not 4. Can 5. Agglutination of blood (possible death of fetus)

The Problem w/Rh factor & Pregnancy (erythroblastosis fetalis)

Occurs in women that are Rh and have Rh + baby.

During pregnancy some of the fetal blood cells migrate back into the mother’s circulation.

Usually the RBCs and other large blood components are too large to pass through the placenta.

When the fetal blood mixes with the mothers, the mother starts to make agglutinins for the Rh agglutinogen.

However, the baby is born before enough agglutinins migrate back into the fetus, so baby is unaffected.

The Problem with Rh factor and Pregnancy

If the next baby is Rh + , the mother will start producing large numbers of agglutinins and these will attack the fetal blood, destroying RBCs.

If the baby is Rh- it has no proteins to react with the mothers antibodies.

To prevent the problem, when a Rh Rh + mother has a baby, they give her a RHO GAM (anti-Rh gamma 2-globulin agglutinin) shot.

This shot tie up the agglutinogens so they cannot be recognized by the mothers immune system, therefore she does not produce the anti-Rh agglutinins.

Cardiovascular System

Answer on notes - use text pages304-305

• What is “blood loading”?

• Why should expectant mothers (or mothers hoping to get pregnant) take folic acid?

• What’s your blood type?

I. Components of the Cardiovascular System

Blood

Heart

Blood Vessels

Blood Intro Movie

QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture.

I. Functions of blood

 3 General functions: Transportation, Regulation, protection

A. Transportation

1.Oxygen (From where to where) 2.Carbon dioxide (From where to where) 3.Nutrients (From where to where) 4.liquid wastes (From where to where) 5.Hormones (From where to where) 6.Enzymes

7.Heat (From where to where)

B. Regulation

pH levels

How?

a) Maintained by the use of buffers, amino acids and proteins.

b) pH range should be 7.35-7.45

Why must pH be regulated?

 narrow pH range to accommodate enzyme actions.

B. Regulation

2. Body Temperature

How?

a) By controlling blood flow to the surface of the skin as well as to & from the extremities.

b) Normal temperature range 98.6

° F and 100.4

° F in the blood stream.

» »

maximum 112-114

F minimum 70-75

c) If temperature gets too high the enzymes start to break down therefore body chemistry slows or stops and you die.

B. Regulation

3. Water content in your cells (viscosity) a) Cells are usually 99.1% water.

C. Protection

1.Against toxins, foreign microbes and substances.

2.Fluid loss from broken blood vessels blood clotting (

coagulation

II. Blood Volume

A. Males = 5-6 liters (10-12 pints) B. Females = 4-5 liters(8-10 pints)

III. Blood Composition

55% Plasma B.

45% Formed elements (cells or solids)

IV. Plasma

A. 90% water B. 7% Proteins 1. Albumins (60%) - give viscosity and regulates osmotic pressure.

2. Globulins (36%) - includes antibody proteins.

3. Fibrinogen (4%) - inactive clotting protein.

C. 2% Other solutes (trace)

1. Nonprotein nitrogen substances: urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and salts 2. Food substances: amino acids, fatty acids and sugars 3. Regulatory substances: Enzymes and hormones 4. Respiratory gases - dissolved oxygen and CO 2 a)77% of CO CO 2 2 is carried this way + H 2 O —> H 2 CO 3 ⇔ H + + HCO 3 5. Electrolytes - inorganic salts of plasma. (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cl , PO 4 , SO 4 , HCO 3 ) a)Maintains osmotic pressure, & pH.

Blood Solids

Hemopoiesis

CHAPTER 12

A. Hematocrit

1. Percentage of blood occupied by cells a) female normal range  38 - 46% (average of 42%) b) male normal range  40 - 54% (average of 46%) 2. Anemia a) not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin 3. Polycythemia a) too many RBCs (over 65%) b) dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in athletes

B. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells; RBCs)

Function - transport oxygen (98%) and CO 2 (23%) Structure a) Biconcave disks to maximize surface area b) RBC is 7.7 microns in diameter c) 280 million molecules of hemoglobin per RBC.

i. Each hemoglobin is composed of 4 protein subunits, each with one heme group located in the center ii. Iron, of the heme group, is binding site for CO 2 and O 2

Hemoglobin

RBC Structure (con’t)

4. RBCs have no nucleus and lack most cellular organelles » RBCs can’t reproduce, only live for 100-120 days 5. RBCs are made in the bone marrow at a rate of 2 million/sec.

6. Dead RBCs are recycled in liver and spleen.

7. The average

male

has

5.4

million RBCs/mm 3 , and the average

female

million RBCs/mm 3 .

has

4.8

C. Erythropoeisis

Negative feedback system of RBC production Prolonged oxygen deficiency stimulates kidney and liver to release erythropoietin.

Hormone circulates to red bone marrow which is stimulated to make more RBC’s.

What do you notice about this baby’s appearance?

Recycling of Hemoglobin Components

OVERVIEW OF BLOOD CELLS

• Quick Video

C. White Blood Cells

4. Lymphocytes from bone marrow are

• T Cells • B Cells • NK Cells (Natural Killer Cells)

4. Name the lymphocytes that:

• Finish development in thymus = T cells • Immune response when foreign antigen is present = T cells and B cells • Function without previous exposure = NK Cells

5. T cells develop into

functionally different cells that look the

same.

6. CHART a. Neutrophils b. Eosinophils c. Basophils d. Monocytes e. Lymphocytes (B and T cells) f. Natural Killer Cells

D. Leucocytes

(WBCs)

Function - protection by phagocytosis or antibody production and chemical warfare.

a) Structure They have nuclei and don’t contain hemoglobin.

b) 5-9 thousand WBCs/mm 3 c) @ 10-19 microns in diameter depending on type.

3. Two basic groups of leucocytes: a)

Granular leucocytes

i. finish development in the bone marrow ii. Contain small granules and have encapsulated nuclei (see chapter 12) iii. Phagocytic & release digestive enzymes.

iv. 3 kinds of granular leucocytes:

a) b) c) Neutrophils- 60-70% of all WBC-

high neutrophil count indicates an acute infection, especially bacterial.

Eosinophils- 2-4% of all WBCs-

produces antihistamine so a high eosinophil count indicates an allergic reaction.

Basophils- 1% of all WBCs

produces heparin, histamine, and serotonin so it is also involved in the allergic reaction.

b. Agranular leucocytes

Finish development in the lymphatic system.

ii. Produce antibodies and are phagocytic.

iii. 2 kinds of Agranular leucocytes

   Lymphocytes account for 20-25% of all WBCs   B lymphocytes produces antibodies these cells (T-4 helper and T-lymphocyte) are targeted by HIV.



Monocytes (macrophages)

high monocyte counts are seen during chronic infections.

E. Thrombocytes (Platelets)

250-500 thousand platelets/mm 3 . 2.

2-4 microns in diameter.

Function: initiate blood coagulation (a blood clot). 4.MOVIE

Coagulation 12.4 –Hemostasis

Page 316 Genetic Connections

1. What causes hemophilia?

2. Explain why there is a high rate of AIDS in hemophiliacs.

3. Explain von Willebrand disease?

Answers to clotting HW

1. Collagen 2. Platlets 3. A. constriction, decrease , 3B. Intrinsic, 3C. Platelet plug 4. A. constriction, B. extrinsic 5. Inactive 6. yes

7. X, common 8. Fibrin 9. Stabalizes it 10. Soluble 11. Yes 12. Clot retracts (brings edges closer together) 13. Plasmin, plasminogen

14. Extrinsic, common 15. A. Inhibits it B. Inhiibits it

General Info:

A.Coagulation time is usually between 5 15 minutes.

B.Vasospasm occurs to constrict diameter of damaged blood vessels.

C.Serotonin released by platelets causes further vasoconstriction.

The coagulation pathway (takes several minutes)

The blood vessel lining is damaged.

The endothelial cells of the vessel lining and damaged tissue surrounding the blood vessel release

thromboplastin

In addition, platelets rupture and release

phospholipids

. D.

Thromboplastin activates

Factor VII

Coagulation pathway (con’t)

Factor VII, Ca 2+ and platelet phospholipids combine to form

prothrombin activator ( prothrombinase ) 1.

Vitamin K

is necessary for the liver to produce prothrombin and other clotting factors.

Prothrombin activator combines with and Ca 2+ converts the inactive protein, Prothrombin, into its active form,

Thrombin

Thrombin causes an increase in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

What kind of feedback system is this?

Thrombin then combines with Ca 2+ to catalyze the assembly small inactive, soluble proteins subunits of fibrinogen into the sticky thread-like protein (

Fibrin

) that forms the clot.

Overview of the Clotting Cascade

  Prothrombinase is formed by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway Final common pathway produces fibrin threads

Blood Clotting Movie

QuickTime™ and a Sorens on Video dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture.

Retraction

After the fibrin threads form, they retract or shorten, closing off the injured blood vessel.

Fibrinolysis 1. As soon as the fibrin threads form, the presence of fibrin stimulates the production of Plasmin.

2. Plasmin is a substance that dissolves clots.

Anticoagulants

Used to prevent blood clotting.

Examples: Heparin and Dicumoral.

Hemophilia

Sex linked disease, i.e. gene for disease is located on the “X” sex chromosome.

Several kinds of hemophilia; depending on which plasma coagulation factor is missing.

The Immune Response

 There are two types of resistance

I. Nonspecific resistance

A. This is a non-specific or general response.

B. Several types of non specific resistance: 1. Mechanical- this includes the skin, mucus membranes, hair, cilia, lacrimal fluid (tears), saliva, and urine flow.

2. Chemical - sebum, perspiration, lysozyme, hyaluronic acid, and gastric juices.

Nonspecific (con’t)

Antimicrobial proteins (a type of chemical defense)

a) Interferon

-3 kinds; stimulates the body cells to produce antiviral proteins.

b) Complement

- forms holes in plasma membranes of microbes, stimulates the release of histamine, and promotes phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis - Primarily by neutrophils and monocytes. Inflammation -confines & removes microbes at point of damage and repairs tissue.

Fever - slows microbial growth & speeds repair.

Immunity or Specific Resistance

General Info 1. Targets specific microbes and proteins (antigens).

a) An antigen is any substance that stimulates an immune response.

2. This has a genetic component but develops during your life. 3. Two kinds: Cell-mediated and Humoral.

B. Cell Mediated Immunity

T-lymphocytes

are called T cells because they finish their development in the thymus gland. 2.

These cells are specialized for attacking and destroying fungi, parasites, cancer cells, intracellular viral infections, and foreign tissue transplants.

C. Cellular Immunity Process

The process begins when a wandering macrophage engulfs an antigen.

The macrophage presents, on its surface, the partially digested antigen fragments along with its own MHC proteins.

a)MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins are specific for each person and are used to identify tissues .

C. Cellular Immunity (con’t)

3. Specific helper T cells interact with

both

proteins on the surface of the macrophage. a) Your body’s T cells and B cells have hundreds of different antigens on their surfaces so they can recognize many different antigens out there.

4. Those activated Tcells are now called

sensitized T cells

. a) Meanwhile, the macrophage produces interleukin I and interferons, which stimulate the cloning of these specific helper T cells.

Cellular Immunity (con’t)

5. These cloned T-cells now differentiate into several forms all with different functions:

a) Memory T cells

: remain in circulation and can recognize the original invader if it returns again.

b) Helper T cells

: Induce antibody production by B cell descendants. Also secrete interleukin II, which stimulates proliferation of cytotoxic T cells.

c) Cytotoxic (killer) T cells

: destroy antigens directly and indirectly. In addition, killer T cells also secrete interferon which prevents viral replication. These cells effective against cancer and transplanted tissue.

Cellular Immunity Overview

Cellular Immunity Movie

ANSWER THE QUESTson NOTES AS YOU WATCH

Cell Mediated Review

What is the black object at the top of the screen?

The process of moving the item to the MHC proteins can be called: What best describes #2 and #3?

The object moving into the cell during #4 can be described as being a(n): What type of cell does the object invade during #4?

What type of cell attaches itself to the sick cell in #5?

The event at #6 can best be described as: QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to s ee this pic ture.

Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity A.

General Info: 1. B cells are called B cells because in birds they finish their development in the bursa of Fabricus, a small pouch of lymphoid tissue found attached to the intestine.

2. These cells do not leave the lymphoid tissue.

Antibody-Mediated Process:

The antigen binds to antibodies on the surface of the B cell.

The B cell ingests, processes, and presents the processed antigen (along with its MHC antigens).

Specific helper T cells recognize and bind to the processed antigen and HLA antigens

Antibody-Mediated Process (con’t):

The helper T cells produce a factor that stimulates B cells to enlarge, divide and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells.

Plasma cells then secrete specific antibodies (at a rate of 2000/sec per cell) that enter circulation and bind to the surface proteins of the specific antigen.

The remaining B cells that don’t change into plasma cells remain as memory B cells

Section 40-2

Humoral Immunity

Antibody-Mediated Overview:

Humoral Review

What is the black object at the top of the screen in #1?

The cell that presents the object in #2 could possibly be a(n)...

The process during #3 can be described as: The cell at the top of the screen in 5 can best be described as a(n): The cell that binds with the top cell in #6 is a(n): #7 can be described as: What type of cells are produced in #8?

What best describes #8?

QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to s ee this pic ture.

Summary Immune Response

QuickTime™ and a Sorens on Video 3 dec ompres sor are needed to s ee this pic ture.

Vaccine & WBC

QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture.

VII. Vaccines

Large numbers of virulent forms are collected and then heat or chemically treated to denature their nucleic acids.

Why?

Care must be taken to keep some of the surface proteins intact.

Why?

Now this mixture (the vaccine) is injected into the person.

The person initiates an immune response.

Next time we are exposed to same virus we mount an immune response a lot quicker.

Why?