Transcript Chapter 10 - Burnet Middle School

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Physical Features
Section 2: Climate Regions
Visual Summary
Regions Europe’s landforms
include high, snowcapped
mountains and broad, fertile
plains that are good for
farming. Europe might be
most influenced, however, by
its nearness to water. A
number of oceans and seas
border Europe’s countries.
Europe also has many
important rivers. How do
people use waterways?
Section 1:
Physical Features
Geographic factors influence
where people settle. Europe
has a variety of landforms and
plentiful natural resources that
have attracted a large
population. Most people live on
Europe’s plains, where industry
and agriculture flourish. Such
successes, however, have
contributed to environmental
problems in the region.
Section 2:
Climate Regions
The physical environment
affects how people live.
Although Europe is located
relatively far north, much of the
region has a mild climate that
is ideal for farming and
development. However, many
Europeans are concerned that
the climate is warming, which
may have dangerous
consequences.
Geographic factors influence where
people settle.
Content Vocabulary
• landlocked
• navigable
• pass
Academic Vocabulary
• access
• affect
• impact
Snowdrifts? No, these snowlike mounds were
formed about 1,500 years ago during a volcanic
eruption on the island of Lipari, off the coast of
Sicily, in Italy. The mounds are made of pumice,
a stone formed from the cooling of lava, which
rained down on the island during the eruption.
Today the volcano is quiet, but Lipari hums with
the sounds of open-pit pumice mines. Pumice is
used to polish smooth surfaces. The stone is
often used to give “stonewashed” jeans their
worn look. In Section 1, you will learn about the
different European landforms and the effect
they have had on people living in the region.
Do you think the government should
be responsible for controlling
pollution?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
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A
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B
An 11-country campaign is underway to clean up the
polluted Danube River, which flows through eastern
and southeastern Europe. Ideas being considered in
the cleanup are switching to organic farming, reducing
agricultural and industrial runoff, treating home
wastewater, and changing to environmentally friendly
detergents and diapers.
Landforms and Waterways
Europe’s landforms and
waterways have greatly
influenced where and how
Europeans live.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• Europe’s coastline is framed by the Atlantic
Ocean and by several seas, including the
Baltic, North, Mediterranean, and Black
Seas.
• Most of the land in Europe lies within 300
miles (483 km) of a coast.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• Only a few countries are landlocked,
meaning they do not border an ocean or a
sea, but people in those areas still have
access to coastal ports because of
relatively long rivers.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• Europe, a huge peninsula with many
smaller peninsulas branching out from it,
includes many islands, such as Great
Britain, Ireland, and Iceland in the Atlantic
Ocean, and Sicily, Crete, and Cyprus in
the Mediterranean Sea.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• The large number of peninsulas and
islands has affected Europe’s history.
– Groups of people separated by the seas,
rivers, and mountains developed
different cultures.
– Today Europe has more than 40
independent countries.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• Europe’s major landform is the Northern
European Plain, which stretches across
the northern half of the mainland from
Belarus and Ukraine westward to France
and the British Isles.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• The rich soil of the Northern European
Plain produces grains, fruits, vegetables,
and dairy cattle.
• The plain also has large deposits of coal,
iron ore, and other minerals, which aid
Europe’s industrial growth.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• Other European lowlands include the
Hungarian Plain and the Ukrainian Steppe,
a broad, grassy plain north of the
Black Sea.
• Highlands mark the northern border of the
Northern European Plain, but steeper
mountains lie south of the plain.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• Europe’s highest mountain ranges form
the Alpine Mountain System, which
stretches from Spain to the Balkan
Peninsula.
– It includes the Alps, the Pyrenees, and
the Carpathians.
– The region’s highest peak is Mont Blanc
in the Alps of France.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• Europe’s mountains have never
completely blocked movement.
• Passes, or low areas between mountains,
allow the movement of people and goods.
• Three older highland areas are found in
the northwest (from Sweden to Iceland),
the Central Uplands (from southern Poland
to France), and the Meseta in Spain.
Landforms and Waterways (cont.)
• Many European rivers are navigable, or
wide and deep enough for ships to use.
• The Danube and Rhine Rivers and the
canals that link them are important for
transporting goods.
• The fast-flowing rivers also generate
electricity.
• Lakes, though relatively few in number, are
important for recreation and tourism.
How has nearness to water shaped the lives and
history of Europe’s people?
A. Europeans have developed
skills in sailing and fishing.
B. It has allowed people to move
easily between Europe and
other continents.
C. It has resulted in a sharing of
cultures with Asia, Africa,
and the Americas.
D. All of the above
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A
A. A
B. B
C.
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D. D
B
C
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D
Europe’s Resources
Europe has valuable
resources that strengthen its
economy.
Europe’s Resources (cont.)
• Almost half of the world’s coal comes from
Europe, and mining is a major source of
jobs in many countries.
• Petroleum and natural gas are found
beneath the North Sea.
• In the highlands and mountains, swiftflowing rivers are used to create
hydroelectric power.
Europe’s Resources (cont.)
• Germany, Spain, and Denmark are leaders
in building wind farms, which produce
electricity from wind power.
Europe’s Resources (cont.)
• Important natural resources in Europe
include iron ore, manganese, clay, marble,
granite, and stone.
• Fewer forests exist today due to clearing
for farming, but Europe’s fertile soil
provides rye, oats, wheat, and potatoes.
• Fish from the North Atlantic to the
Mediterranean Sea are another natural
resource.
How do European governments discourage
dependence on oil?
A. They tax gasoline heavily.
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D
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C
D. All of the above
B
C. The encourage construction
of wind farms.
A. A
B. B
C. C
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D. D
A
B. They encourage use of
hydroelectric power.
Environmental Issues
Europe’s plentiful resources
have helped its economy, but
environmental problems are a
growing concern.
Environmental Issues (cont.)
• Europe has become an economic
powerhouse, but the impact on the
environment has sometimes been harmful.
– Examples of the damage include
erosion, air pollution, and water
pollution.
Environmental Issues (cont.)
• Erosion occurred when people cut forests
to create farmland.
– With no tree roots to hold it in place, the
topsoil washed away in the rain.
Environmental Issues (cont.)
• When air pollution from car exhaust and
smoke from burning oil and coal mix with
precipitation, acid rain falls to Earth.
• Acid rain has destroyed many forests and
has harmed lakes, rivers, and historic
buildings.
Environmental Issues (cont.)
• By dumping sewage, garbage, and
industrial waste into the waters, countries
have polluted the Mediterranean Sea as
well as rivers and lakes.
Environmental Issues (cont.)
• Runoff from farms is another pollutant.
– Runoff is precipitation that flows over the
ground, often picking up pesticides and
fertilizers along the way.
– When these chemicals enter a river, they
encourage the growth of algae, which
affects the oxygen levels and eventually
kills the fish.
Europe’s successful economy has
hurt its environment.
A. True
B. False
A. A
B. B
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B
A
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The physical environment affects
how people live.
Content Vocabulary
• deciduous
• mistral
• coniferous
• sirocco
Academic Vocabulary
• major
• feature
These carefully balanced baskets will carry
grapes that are handpicked in the Côte
d’Or (“Golden Hill”) region of Burgundy,
France. The region has been producing
wine since A.D. 900, and the grape harvest
is vital to the local economy. Because of
this, and because grapes are highly
sensitive to the climate, big changes in
temperature are always cause for concern.
Read this section to find out about climate
conditions in Europe and the concern over
the warming trend.
Do you think that recycling is
important and helpful to the world?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Individuals can reduce global warming simply by
adjusting a few habits. Turn off lights and electronic
devices when they’re not being used, for example. Or
find alternatives to car transportation. Fix dripping
faucets. Buy energy-efficient light bulbs. Turn down the
furnace and water heater at home. Recycle. Reuse.
Every action helps, and no action is too small.
Wind and Water
Wind patterns and water
currents shape Europe’s
climate.
Wind and Water (cont.)
• Much of Europe enjoys a mild climate.
• The North Atlantic Current carries warm
waters from the Gulf of Mexico toward
Europe.
• Winds from the west pass over this water
and carry more warmth to Europe.
• These prevailing winds, known as
westerlies, are a major influence on
warming the European climate.
Wind and Water (cont.)
• Warm winds from Africa contribute to the
high temperatures in southern Europe.
Winter winds from Asia lower temperatures
in eastern Europe.
Europe: Currents and Wind Patterns
Does the water surrounding Europe affect
the region’s climate?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
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B
A
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Climate Zones
Europe has eight climate
zones, each with different
vegetation.
Climate Zones (cont.)
• The marine west coast climate of
northwestern and central Europe has two
features: mild temperatures and abundant
precipitation.
• The mild temperatures allow for long
growing seasons, even though farther
north, the summer is shorter
and cooler.
Europe: Climate Zones
Climate Zones (cont.)
• The precipitation typically falls in autumn
and early winter, but the amount is affected
by the rain shadow effect of the mountains.
Europe: Climate Zones
Climate Zones (cont.)
• Forests thrive in much of Europe’s marine
west coast climate zone.
– Some forests consist of deciduous trees,
which lose their leaves in the fall.
– Coniferous trees, also called
evergreens, grow in cooler areas of
this zone.
Europe: Natural Vegetation
Climate Zones (cont.)
• Eastern Europe and some areas of
northern Europe have a humid continental
climate.
– This climate region has cooler summers
and colder winters than the marine west
coast zone.
– Mixed forests of deciduous and
coniferous trees are found throughout
this zone.
Climate Zones (cont.)
• The Mediterranean zone, with hot, dry
summers, includes much of southern
Europe.
• Winters are mild and wet.
• The Pyrenees and Alps block chilly
northern winds from reaching Spain and
Italy, and some mountains create rain
shadows.
Climate Zones (cont.)
• In southern France, the lack of a mountain
barrier allows a cold, dry wind to blow in
from the north.
– This wind, called the mistral, brings
gusts to the land in winter and spring.
Climate Zones (cont.)
• Countries in the Mediterranean climate
zone also are affected by hot, dry winds
from Africa to the south.
• In Italy, these winds are called siroccos,
and they bring uncomfortably humid
conditions to southern Europe.
Climate Zones (cont.)
• Vegetation in the dry Mediterranean
climate includes low-lying shrubs and
grasses, olive trees, and grapevines.
Climate Zones (cont.)
• Europe has two zones of extreme cold.
– The subarctic zone covers parts of
Norway, Sweden, and Finland.
– The tundra zone is found in the northern
reaches of these countries and in
Iceland.
– The tundra is an area of vast treeless
plains near the North Pole.
Climate Zones (cont.)
• Because of Earth’s tilt, the sun shines on
the far north for up to 20 hours a day in
late spring and early summer.
– In winter, nights also can last for
20 hours.
Climate Zones (cont.)
• The highland zone is found in the higher
altitudes of the Alps and Carpathians
where the climate is generally cool to cold.
• The steppe zone includes the southern
part of Ukraine.
• Steppes are dry, treeless grasslands.
• The climate is not dry enough to be
classified as desert but not wet enough for
forests to flourish.
Climate Zones (cont.)
• The humid subtropical zone is north of the
Adriatic Sea and has hot, wet summers
and mild, wet winters.
• Average temperatures on Earth have been
inching upward for several decades.
• Today people are searching for the
reasons, the consequences, and the
solution, such as the Kyoto Treaty.
Where can a tundra zone be found?
A. Norway
B. Sweden
C. Finland
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D
A
B
C
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D
C
A
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B
D. Iceland
A.
B.
C.
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D.
Landforms
• The Northern
European Plain is a
rich farming region and
has a high population
density.
• Mountains separate
much of northern and
southern Europe.
• Uplands regions are
found in northwest and
central Europe and in
Spain.
Waterways
• Waterways have had a major impact on Europe’s
population and ways of life.
• Rivers provide transportation, good soil for
farming, and hydroelectric power.
European Resources
• Europe’s energy
resources include coal,
petroleum, natural gas,
and hydroelectric and
wind power.
• In some areas, good
soil promotes farming
and dairy farming.
• Fishing is important to
coastal Europe.
Environmental Issues
• The European
environment has been
damaged by
deforestation,
pollution, and acid
rain.
• Europeans are
working to protect and
improve their
environment through
recycling and limiting
forms of chemical
pollution.
Climate Regions
• Europe’s nearness to
water and its wind
patterns greatly affect its
climates.
• Europe has eight main
climate zones: marine
west coast, humid
continental,
Mediterranean, subarctic,
tundra, highland, steppe,
and humid subtropical.
• Europeans are concerned
about the negative effects
of global warming.
Cork, Ireland; the
warm Gulf Stream
water creates a
more moderate
climate for many
coastal cities.
landlocked
having no border with ocean or sea
pass
space people can use to travel
through a mountain range
navigable
referring to a body of water wide and
deep enough for ships to use
access
a way or means of approach
affect
to influence, or produce an effect
upon
impact
effect
deciduous
trees that lose their leaves in the fall
coniferous
referring to evergreen trees that have
their seeds in cones
mistral
cold, dry winter wind from the north
that strikes southern France
sirocco
hot winds from Africa that blow across
southern Europe
major
to be great in size or impact
feature
a part or detail that stands out
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