Grammar and Style

Learning grammar in context

• All you need is a pencil and one piece of notebook paper on your desk!

Let’s review clauses…

• A clause has a subject and a predicate ! Noun or pronoun verb • You have two types of clauses: 1. Independent 2. Dependent (also called subordinate )

Are these all clauses?

1. I took my dog to obedience school 2. that it runs after squirrels 3. in the school gym 4. around the room together 5. We practiced walking beside each other.

6. During class my dog seemed happy and calm

Let’s review clauses…

• What is the difference between the two clauses?

1. Independent

can make sense all by itself Ex. I ran a mile last week

2. Dependent

make sense needs more information to Ex. When I ran a mile last week…

Which clauses are dependent and which are independent?

1. my favorite store went out of business 2. because it was losing money.

3. the store made many sales 4. the prices must have been too low.

5. when the store paid its own bills 6. there was no money left

An easy way to pick out a dependent clause is by looking at the first word of the clause!

• A dependent clause will always start with a subordinate conjunction • The Subordinate Conjunction Song!

After, Although Because, Before, Since Unless, Until When, While Who, That, As, If

Here is a list of many common subordinating conjunctions

after since whether although so that which as supposing while because than who Before that whoever even unless why even though until once if what how when just as whenever next where now that whereas

Which clauses are dependent and which are independent?

Round 2

1. although the store has been closed for six months 2. I still miss it 3. I had hoped to work at that store 4. when I was old enough for a job 5. if I ever start a store of my own 6.

I’ll watch costs carefully.

Now that you know the difference between the clauses you must understand • You can have many clauses that make up one sentences. – You can put an independent clause and a dependent clause together, you can put two independent clauses together.

– The only thing you can’t do is put two dependent clauses together and expect to make a sentence.

Now that you know the difference between the clauses you must understand • Here is something very very important… – In order to have a correct sentence, you must include at least one independent clause!

Quick Review

Read the following sentences. Underline independent clauses once, dependent clauses twice.

1. When she found her iPod, Jenny was relieved.

2. It snowed last night after the sun set.

3. Although it was a cold day, the fire warmed our limbs.

Let’s talk about questions…

• The friend who is visiting this weekend is Melody.

Independent or Dependent Clause?

1. When I was going home 2. I found a new skateboard 3. It was a great day 4. I leapt for joy 5. After I got home 6. I stared into space

No CRCT Warm-Up today

• All you need on your desk is… – 1 pencil – 1 piece of notebook paper – HW from last night (You have a quiz as soon as class begins!)

A Simple Sentence Is

• A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause.

Simple Sentence = 1 independent clause • You must remember a simple sentence can be a short sentence or a really long sentence. It is all about how many clauses are involved not the length of the sentence.

All of these are simple sentences

1. Joe waited. 2. Sally waited for the train too. 3. The train was late.

4. Mary and Samantha took the bus.

5. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.

6. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon and left on the bus before I arrived.

A Complex Sentence Is

• A complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses • If you find a subordinate conjunction at the beginning of a dependent clause than your sentence is complex Complex Sentence = 1 or more dependent clauses + 1 independent clause • It does not matter what order the clauses are in. You could have a dependent clause at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the complex sentence.

Complex Sentence Examples: Underline the dependent clauses and circle the independent clause in each complex sentence 1. I cleaned up the mess that you made.

2. The car, which had run smoothly all day, suddenly stopped.

3. While I was watching the parade, someone stole my wallet.

4. When Jacqueline was late for work the angry boss told her that she would dock her pay from now on

Complex Sentence Punctuation •

Tip

: When the dependent clause comes first, a comma should be used to separate the two clauses.

EX.) Although the desert has a harsh climate

,

many creatures live there.

•

Tip

: When the independent clause comes first, a comma should

not

be used to separate the two clauses.

EX.) I showed the class some slides that I took at camp.

Is it simple or is it complex?

1. I could watch television after I do my chores.

2. I could play on the computer after my nap.

3. The ancient Egyptians built pyramids for their pharaohs.

4. When Pericles ruled Athens, it was one for the greatest city states in Greece.

5. John Adams and his son were both elected President.

6.

In tomorrow’s game, George will pitch.

• For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So

Do you remember your FANBOYS?

All of these words are coordinating conjunctions

A Compound Sentence Is

• A compound sentence has two independent clauses in one sentence.

Compound Sentence = 1 independent clause + 1 independent clause

What is included in a compound sentence?

• In order to join the two independent clauses together, to make a compound sentence, you must put a coordinating conjunction between the clauses or you could use a semi-colon a comma FANBOY connects the clauses together Compound Sentence = 1 independent clause + 1 independent clause a semi-colon (;) connects the clauses together Ex.) I love to swim , but the water is freezing!

Ex.) I love to swim ; the water is freezing!

Circle the comma coordinating conjunction or the semi colon that “glues” the independent clauses together in these compound sentences.

1. I am learning Chinese painting, and last Friday I learned to paint a sparrow.

2. The supplies are inexpensive, so I think this is a good hobby for me.

3. Assistance dogs offer disabled people companionship; they also play a more important role.

4. Many breeds become assistance dogs, but a few seem particularly well suited to the role.

1.

Let’s Practice It

Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex? Underline independent clauses once, dependent clauses twice, and circle any conjunctions.

He does it only because he finds it easy.

2.

My cold grew worse, and I decided to call the doctor.

3.

I like chocolate and bananas.

4.

Am I going crazy, or do I just need a good night's sleep?

5.

Since I was a kid, I have loved soccer.

6.

It was a great day for running in the park.

7.

I found my friend, who was an astronaut.

What is a compound-complex sentence?

• A compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Compound-Complex Sentence = 1 independent clause + 1 independent clause + 1 dependent clause.

Compound-complex sentences Circle ALL of the conjunctions, coordinating and subordinating.

Underline the independent clauses once Underline the dependent clauses twice. 1.

John went to school, but James remained at home because he had a sore throat.

2.

If he changes his mind, we shall know for sure that Joe has learned his lesson, but only time will tell.

3.

Those clouds promise rain; we should hurry before we get caught in a flash flood.

4.

Here is the money that I owe you, and I am happy to be free of debt.

5.

Were you ever in a storm that was full of lightning, or don't you recall?

• http://www8.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerol d/pandg/exg10b.shtml

• http://www.internet4classrooms.com/gra de_level_help/language_sentence_type s_language_arts_eighth_8th_grade.htm

• http://mrshatzi.com/files/sentences-ws 1.pdf

• http://www.northwood.org.uk/complex% 20sentences.htm