Transcript Chapter 8

OUT OF MANY
A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
Chapter 8
The New Nation
1786 - 1800
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Part One
Introduction
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Chapter Focus Questions
What were the tensions and conflicts between local
and national authorities in the decades after the
American Revolution?
How did Americans differ in their views of the
new Constitution, and how were those differences
reflected in the struggle to achieve ratification?
What were the essential structures of national
government under the Constitution?
How did American political parties first begin?
What were the first stirrings of an authentic
American national culture?
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Part Two
American Communities: A
Rural Massachusetts
Community Rises in Defense
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American Communities: A Rural
Massachusetts Colony Rises in Defense
Several hundred farmers from Pelham and scores of other rural communities of
western Massachusetts converged in the courthouse in Northampton.
This occurred at a time of great economic depression which hit farmers hardest.
The state raised property taxes to pay off state debt-tax was which considerably
more oppressive than those levied by British.
Two thirds of those who marched had been sued for debt or spent time in
debtor’s prison— the people were looking for state relief.
The people rose up in defense of their property and state and federal
governments were forced to reevaluate the distribution of power.
In 1786, Shays’ Rebellion broke out in western Massachusetts when farmers
closed down courts to prevent debt executions.
A militia from eastern Massachusetts crushed the rebellion.
Conservatives concluded it was time “to clip the wings of a mad democracy.”
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Part Three
The Crisis Of The 1780s
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The Economic Crisis
Economic problems like wartime inflation plagued the
nation.
Chart: Postwar Inflation, 1777–80: The Depreciation of
Continental Currency
After the war the key problem was depression.
Britain dumped its surplus goods in American markets,
creating a trade imbalance that drew hard currency out of
the United States.
Repayment of debt became both a political and economic
problem.
Chart: The Trade Deficit with Great Britain
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FIGURE 8.1 Postwar
Inflation, 1777–80:
The Depreciation of
Continental
Currency The flood of
Continental currency
issued by Congress,
and the shortage of
goods resulting from
the British blockade,
combined to create
the worst inflation
Americans have ever
experienced. Things
of no value were said
to be “not worth a
Continental.”
SOURCE: John McCusker, “How
Much Is That in Real Money?”
Proceedings of the American
Antiquarian Society , N.S.102
(1992): 297–359.
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FIGURE 8.2 The Trade Deficit with Great Britain The American trade deficit
with Great Britain rose dramatically with the conclusion of the Revolution.
SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,1976),1176.
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State Remedies
States erected high tariffs to curb imports
and protect infant industries but these were
easily evaded by shippers.
The most controversial economic remedies
were designed to relieve debt burden.
Farmers called for laws to require creditors
to accept goods and commodities and had
laws passed requiring them to accept nearly
worthless state paper currency.
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A mocking pamphlet of 1787 pictured Daniel Shays and Job Shattuck, two leaders of Shays’
Rebellion. The artist gives them uniforms, a flag, and artillery, but the rebels were actually an
unorganized group of farmers armed only with clubs and simple muskets. When the rebellion
was crushed, Shattuck was wounded and jailed, and Shays, along with many others, left
Massachusetts. He fled to a remote region of Vermont and then settled in New York.
SOURCE: Anonymous, 18th century, “Daniel Shay (c. 1747-1825) and Job Shattuck (1725-1825?),” 1787, relief cut 9 x 12.9 cm (3-9/16 x 51/16”). Published in Bickerstaff’s Boston Almanack for 1787, third edition, Boston. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource,
NY.
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Movement Toward a New National
Government
Nationalists argued for a stronger central
government to deal with the economic crisis of the
1780s.
Invited by the Virginia legislature, representatives
from five states met in Annapolis, calling for a
convention to propose changes in the Articles of
Confederation. Congress endorsed a convention
for revising the Articles of Confederation.
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Part Four
The New Constitution
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The New Constitution
Fifty-five delegates from twelve states
assembled in Philadelphia in May 1787.
The Constitution was framed by white men
who represented America’s social and
economic elite.
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The Constitutional Convention
Conflicts arose between large and small states, and free and
slave states.
The Great Compromise provided a middle ground for
agreement by:
a bicameral legislature that had one house based on
population and one representing all states equally; and
a compromise on free-state and slave-state interests by
agreeing to count five slaves as three freemen.
To insulate the election of the president from the popular
vote, a electoral college was created to select a president.
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George Washington
presides over a
session of the
Constitutional
Convention meeting
in Philadelphia’s
State House (now
known as
Independence Hall)
in an engraving of
1799.
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Ratifying the New Constitution
Supporters of the Constitution called themselves
Federalists.
Anti-Federalist opponents feared the Constitution
gave too much power to the central government
and that a republic could not work well in a large
nation.
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John
Jay published the influential The Federalist
Papers that helped secure passage.
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A cartoon published in July 1788, when New York became the eleventh state to ratify the
Constitution. After initially voting to reject, North Carolina soon reconsidered, but radical
and still reluctant Rhode Island did not join the Union until 1790.
SOURCE: The Federal Edifice “On the Erection of the Eleventh Pillar,” caricature from the “Massachusetts Centinal,” August 2, 1788. Neg.
#33959. Collection of The New York Historical Society.
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Ratifying the New Constitution
Map: The Ratification of the Constitution,
1787–90
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MAP 8.1 The Ratification of
the Constitution, 1787–90
The distribution of the vote
for the ratification of the
Constitution demonstrated its
wide support in sections of
the country linked to the
commercial economy and its
disapproval in more remote
and backcountry sections.
(Note that Maine remained a
part of Massachusetts until
admitted as a separate state
in 1820.)
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The Bill of Rights
Several states including Virginia, agreed to
ratification only if a bill of rights would be
added.
The first ten amendments, better known as
the Bill of Rights to the Constitution served
to restrain the growth of governmental
power over citizens.
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Part Five
The First Federal
Administration
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The Washington Presidency
George Washington preferred to have a
plain republican title and dressed in plain
republican broadcloth.
Congress established the Departments of
States, Treasury, War, and Justice, the
heads of which coalesced into the Cabinet.
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Two coins from the first decade of the federal republic illustrate political controversies
of the period. The Washington cent was proposed by Treasury Secretary Alexander
Hamilton in 1792, in the hope of enhancing popular respect for the new government
by having the president’s bust impressed on coins in the manner of European kings.
But after long debate, Congress defeated the plan, the opponents claiming it smacked
of monarchy. The Liberty coin, issued by the Mint of the United States in 1795, when
under the authority of Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, features Liberty wearing a
liberty cap and bearing a marked resemblance to the French Revolutionary icon
Marianne.
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An Active Federal Judiciary
The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the federal
court system.
States maintained their individual bodies of law.
Federal courts became the appeals bodies,
establishing the federal system of judicial review
of state legislation.
Localists supported the Eleventh Amendment that
prevented states from being sued by non-citizens.
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Hamilton’s Controversial Fiscal
Program
In 1790, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton
submitted a series of financial proposals to address
America’s economic problems including:
a controversial credit program that passed when a compromise
located the nation’s capital on the Potomac River
creating a Bank of the United States that opponents considered
an unconstitutional expansion of power
a protective tariff to develop an industrial economy
The debate of Hamilton’s loose construction and
Jefferson’s strict construction strained the Federalist
coalition.
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Alexander Hamilton (ca.
1804) by John Trumbull.
Although Hamilton’s
fiscal program was
controversial, it restored
the financial health of
the United States.
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The Beginnings of Foreign Policy
Foreign affairs further strained Federalist coalition.
Americans initially welcomed the French Revolution,
but when the Revolution turned violent and war broke
out with Britain, public opinion divided.
Though both sides advocated neutrality, Hamilton
favored closer ties with Britain while Jefferson feared
them.
The “Citizen Genet” incident led Washington to issue a
neutrality proclamation that outraged Jefferson’s
supporters.
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The United States and the Indian
Peoples
Map: Spread of Settlement: The
Backcountry Expands, 1770-90
A pressing “foreign” problem concerned
Indians who refused to accept United States
sovereignty over them.
The Indian Intercourse Act made treaties
the only legal way to obtain Indian lands.
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MAP 8.2 Spread of
Settlement: The
Backcountry
Expands, 1770–90
From 1770 to 1790,
American settlement
moved across the
Appalachians for the
first time. The Ohio
Valley became the
focus of bitter warfare
between Indians and
settlers.
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Little Turtle, a war chief of
the Miami tribe of the
Ohio valley, led a large
pan-Indian army to
victory over the
Americans in 1790 and
1791. After his forces
were defeated at the
Battle of Fallen Timbers
in 1794, he became a
friend of the United
States. This lithograph is
a copy of an oil portrait,
which no longer survives,
by the artist Gilbert
Stuart.
SOURCE: Little Turtle, or Mich-i-kin-i-qua,
Miami War Chief, Conqueror of Harmar and
St. Clair. Lithograph made from portrait
painted in 1797 by Gilbert Stuart. Indiana
Historical Society Library (negative no.
C2584).
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Seeing History The
Columbian Tragedy.
SOURCE: “The Columbian Tragedy”
(1791), courtesy Beinecke Rare Book and
Manuscript Library, Yale University.
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Spanish Florida and British Canada
Spanish and British hostility threatened the status
of the United States in the West.
The Spanish closed the Mississippi River to
American shipping, promoted immigration, and
forged alliances with Indian tribes to resist
American expansion.
Britain granted greater autonomy to its North
American colonies, strengthened Indian allies, and
constructed a defensive buffer against Americans.
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Domestic and International Crisis
By 1794, the government faced a crisis over
western policy.
Western farmers were refusing to pay the whiskey
tax.
An army sent into western Pennsylvania ended the
Whiskey Rebellion.
General Anthony Wayne defeated the Ohio
Indians, leading to the Treaty of Greenville in
1795 and the cession of huge amounts of land by
the Ohio Indians.
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In this 1794 painting, President George Washington reviews some 13,000 troops at
Fort Cumberland on the Potomac before dispatching them to suppress the Whiskey
Rebellion. Washington’s mobilization of federal military power dramatically
demonstrated the federal commitment to the preservation of the Union and the
protection of the western boundary.
SOURCE: Francis Kemmelmeyer, “General George Washington Reviewing the Western Army at Fort Cumberland the 18th of October
1794,” after 1794. Oil on paper backed with linen, 18 1/8 x 23 1/8. Courtesy of Winterthur Museum.
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Jay’s and Pinckney’s Treaties
Map: Spanish Claims to American Territory,
1783–95
The Jay Treaty resolved several key disputes
between the United States and Britain. Opponents
held up the treaty in the House until Pinckney’s
Treaty with Spain granted them sovereignty in the
West.
The political battles over the Jay Treaty brought
President Washington off his nonpartisan pedestal.
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MAP 8.3 Spanish Claims to American Territory, 1783–95 Before 1795, the
Spanish claimed the American territory of the Old Southwest and barred Americans
from access to the port of New Orleans, effectively closing the Mississippi River.
This dispute was settled by Pinckney’s Treaty in 1795.
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Washington’s Farewell Address
In his farewell address, Washington
summed up American foreign policy goals
as:
peace;
commercial relations;
friendship with all nations; and
no entangling alliances.
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Part Six
Federalists and Democratic
Republicans
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The Rise of Political Parties
During the debate over Jay’s Treaty, shifting coalitions
began to polarize into political factions.
Hamilton’s supporters claimed the title “Federalist.”
Thomas Jefferson’s supporters called themselves
“Republicans.”
These coalitions shaped the election of 1796, which John
Adams narrowly won.
Jefferson, the opposition’s candidate, became vice
president.
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The Adams Presidency
Relations with France deteriorated after
Jay’s Treaty.
When France began seizing American
shipping, the nation was on the brink of
war.
The X, Y, Z Affair made Adams’s
popularity soar.
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The Alien and Sedition Acts
The Federalists pushed through the Alien and Sedition
Acts that:
severely limited freedoms of speech and of the press; and
threatened the liberty of foreigners.
Republicans organized as an opposition party.
Federalists saw opposition to the administration as
opposition to the state and prosecuted leading
Republican newspaper editors.
Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and
Kentucky Resolves that threatened to nullify the Alien
and Sedition Acts.
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In this contemporary cartoon, Congressional Pugilists, Congress Hall in Philadelphia,
February 15, 1798, Roger Griswold, a Connecticut Federalist, uses his cane to attack
Matthew Lyon, a Vermont Democratic Republican, who retaliates with fire tongs.
SOURCE: Collection of The New York Historical Society, Neg. #33995.
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The Revolution of 1800
Map: The Election of 1800
In the election of 1800, the Federalists
waged a defensive struggle calling for strong
central government and good order.
By controlling the South and the West,
Jefferson won the election.
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MAP 8.4 The
Election of 1800
In the presidential
election of 1800,
Democratic
Republican
victories in New
York and the
divided vote in
Pennsylvania
threw the election
to Jefferson. The
combination of
the South and
these crucial
Middle States
would keep the
Democratic
Republicans in
control of the
federal
government for
the next
generation.
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Democratic Political Culture
The rise of partisan politics greatly
increased popular participation.
American politics became more competitive
and democratic.
Popular celebrations became common and
suffrage increased.
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The presidential election of 1800 was the first to feature campaign advertising. “T.
Jefferson, President of the United States of America; John Adams—no more,” reads
the streamer on this election banner, illustrated with an American eagle and a portrait
of Jefferson. This was mild rhetoric in a campaign characterized by wild charges. The
Republicans labeled Adams a warmonger and a monarchist, while the Federalists
denounced Jefferson as an atheist, Jacobin, and sexual libertine.
.
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Part Seven
“The Rising Glory of
America”
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The Liberty of the Press
The Revolutionary years saw a tremendous
increase in the number of newspapers.
During the 1790s newspapers became
media for partisan politics.
In response to prosecutions under the
Sedition Act, American newspapers helped
to establish the principle of a free press.
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Books, Books, Books
As a highly literate citizenry, Americans
had a great appetite for books.
Writers explored the political implications
of independence or examined the new
society including the emerging American
character.
Parson Weems’s Life of Washington created
a unifying symbol for Americans.
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Women on the Intellectual Scene
Although women’s literacy rates were lower
than that of men, a growing number of
books were specifically directed toward
women.
Several authors urged that women in a
republic should be more independent.
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Judith Sargent Murray, a
portrait by John
Singleton Copley,
completed in 1771.
Born into an elite
merchant family in
Gloucester,
Massachusetts, she
became a wife and
mother but also a poet,
essayist, playwright,
novelist, and historian. In
1779 she published an
essay on the equality of
the sexes that
distinguished her as the
first avowed feminist in
American history.
Source: John Singleton Copley (17381815), “Portrait of Mrs. John Stevens
(Judith Sargent, later Mrs. John Murray),”
1770-72. Commissioned on the occasion
of her first marriage, at age eighteen. Oil
on canvas, 50 x 40 in. Daniel J. Terra Art
Acquisition Endowment Fund, 2000.6. ©
Terra Foundation for American Art,
Chicago/Art Resource, New York.
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Part Eight
Conclusion
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