Transcript File - Arki Reviewer
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IV STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4. STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems
4.1
Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS
Structural steel girders, beams, and columns are used to construct a skeleton frame for structures ranging in size from one-story to skyscrapers. Because structural steel is difficult to work with on site, it is normally cut, shaped, and drilled in a fabrication shop according to design specifications; this can result in relatively fast, precise construction of a structural frame. Structural steel may be left exposed in unprotected non-combustible construction, but because steel can lose strength rapidly in a fire, fire-rated assemblies or coatings are required to qualify as fire-resistive construction.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.1.1 ONE-WAY BEAM SYSTEM
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems
4.1
Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.1.2 TWO-WAY BEAM SYSTEM
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems
4.1
Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems
4.1
Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.1.3 THREE-WAY BEAM SYSTEM
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems
4.1
Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections
4.2
Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.2 STEEL COLUMNS & CONNECTIONS
4.2.1 TYPES OF STEEL COLUMNS
Steel columns are of the following types: a. Struts of one or two angles. These are used for compression members in roof trusses, light towers, and lattice girders. The two angles of a double struts are riveted together by rivets driven through washers placed between the two angles at intervals of 4 to 6 ft.
b. Starred angles of two or four connected by batten plate spaced at intervals of 3 to 4ft. These are used to support the light loads.
c. Latticed Columns made up of channels or angles connected by lattice bars are often used where light loads are to be supported on long columns.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections
4.2
Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding d. Rolled H-columns. These are obtainable with depths ranging from 6” to 16” and are now commonly used instead of built-up columns in steel skeleton construction.
e. Built-up Columns. These are usually of H-shaped section formed by a combination of plates and angles although box columns with two or more webs are not uncommonly used in heavy building frames. f. Top Chord sections of heavy trusses are usually unsymmetrical and are made of two rolled or built-up channel sections and a cover plate. The open (bottom) side of the section is latticed.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections
4.2
Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding g. Columns for bents are sometimes made up of a pair of channels and an I – beam with batten plates at intervals of 3 to 4 ft. connecting the flanges of the channels. Columns made of four angles and a web-plate are commonly used in mill building bents.
h. Battened columns are those in which two component parts of the column are connected only by batten plates. They are decidedly inferior to latticed columns and should be avoided if a continuous plate or latticing can be used instead.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.2.2 LALLY COLUMNS
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections
4.2
Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding These are columns made up of a cylindrical steel pipe shell filled with 1:1-1/2:3 Portland cement concrete. The standard type of lally column is reinforced with only the steel pipe shell. Special types of columns are obtainable with additional reinforcement consisting of steel pipe, reinforcing bars or structural steel shapes. The light weight column is 4” in outside diameter with a shell thickness of 0.134”, while the heavy-weight columns are from 3-1/2 to 12-3/4 inches in outside diameter with shell thicknesses of 0.216 to 0.375 inches.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.2.3 COMPOSITE COLUMNS
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections
4.2
Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding These are columns in which a concrete core is further reinforced with a steel or cast-iron core designed to support a part of the load. Steel cores may be structural H-sections or four angles, latticed or battened; cast-iron cores are usually either solid shafts or hollow pipe sections. The column may be further reinforced by vertical rods or bars placed at the circumference and enclosed by spirals.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.2.4 STEEL COLUMN CONNECTIONS
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections
4.2
Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
1. Column Bases
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
2. Column Splices
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections
4.2
Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections
4.3
Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.3 STEEL BEAMS & CONNECTIONS
4.3.1 TYPES OF STEEL BEAMS
Steel beams may be rolled in the shape of the letter I (I beams), channel beams or angles. Beams of T shape were formerly used but have now been restricted to minor uses. The I-beam is the ideal type of steel beam.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections
4.3
Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding Girders may be built up of angles and plates riveted together for long spans and for unusual cases of very heavy loading. Those are of two types: a. Plate Girders. A plate girder is a beam composed of a wide plate, known as a web, at the top and bottom of which are riveted angles and plates. The simplest type of plate girder consists of a web and four flange angles. If this does not give sufficient flange area, cover plates may be added. The web may be frequently reinforced against buckling by angles riveted to its sides, known as stiffener angles.
b. Box Girders. This is a built up beam in which more than one web plate is used.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections
4.3
Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding Beams and girders may be connected to columns by either seated connections or framed connections.
In a seated connection the bottom flange of the beam rests on and is field-riveted to an angle shop-riveted to the flange or web of the column. Another angle is field-riveted to the column and to the top flange of the beam.
In a framed connection the web of the beam or girder is connected by angles or by gusset-plates to the column. In framed connections, angle seats are usually shop-riveted to the columns to hold the beam or girder during erection.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.3.2 STEEL BEAM CONNECTIONS
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections
4.3
Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
A.MOMENT CONNECTIONS
AISC Type 1 – also called Rigid Frame connections are able to hold their original angle under loading by developing a specified resisting moment, usually by means of plates welded or bolted to the beam flanges and the supporting column.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
B. SHEAR CONNECTIONS
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections
4.3
Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding AISC Type 2 – Simple Frame connections are made to resist only shear and are free to rotate under gravity loads. Shear walls or diagonal bracing is required for lateral stability of the structure.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
C. SEMI-RIGID CONNECTIONS
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections
4.3
Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding AISC Type 3 – Semi-Rigid Frame connections assume beam and girder connections possess a limited but known moment resisting capacity.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.4 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists
4.4
Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding Open web joists are lightweight, shop fabricated steel members having a trussed web. A K series joist has a web consisting of a single bent bar, running in a zigzag pattern between the upper and lower chords. The LH and DLH series joists have heavier web and chord members and are for increased loads and spans.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.5 METAL DECKING
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking
4.5
Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding Metal decking are corrugated steel panels used as a working platform during construction and eventually as formwork for sitecast concrete slab. The decking panels are secured with puddle-welds or shear welded through the decking to the supporting steel joists or beams.
The panels are fastened to each other along their sides with screws, weld, or button punching standing seams. If the deck is to serve as a structural diaphragm and transfer lateral loads to shear walls, its entire perimeter is welded to steel supports. In addition, more stringent requirements to support and side lap fastening may apply.
There are three major types of metal decking:
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking
4.5
Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.5.1 FORM DECKING
serves as a permanent formwork for a reinforced concrete slab until the slab can support itself and its live load.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking
4.5
Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.5.2 COMPOSITE DECKING
serves as a tensile reinforcement for the concrete slab to which it is bonded with embossed rib pattern. Composite action between the concrete slab and the floor beams or joists can be achieved by welding shear studs through the decking to the supporting beam below.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking
4.5
Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.5.3 CELLULAR DECKING
manufactured by welding a corrugated sheet to a flat steel sheet, forming a series of spaces or raceways for electrical and communications wiring; special cutouts are available for floor outlets. The decking may serve as an acoustic ceiling when the perforated cells are filled with glass fiber.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.6 STEEL TRUSSES & RIGID FRAMES
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames
4.6
Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.6.1 ROOF TRUSSES
TRUSSES. A truss is a structural framework composed of a series of straight members so arranged and fastened together that external loads applied to it will cause only direct stress in the members. The upper and lower members of a truss are called the top chord and bottom chord respectively. The members of the truss which are framed between and join the top and bottom members are called web members.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames
4.6
Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames
4.6
Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding When the external loads act downward and the truss is supported at the ends, the top chord is always in compression and the lower chord always in tension, similar to the upper and lower flanges of a beam. The web-members are subjected to stresses of either tension or compression. Web-members subjected to tensile stresses are called tension web-members; those which are subjected to compression are called compression web-members. In certain positions, a web-member may be subjected to tension through the action of a load applied at one point, and when applied at another point that load may produce compression in the member so that at one time it will be subjected to tension and at another time to compression. Such a member, designed to resist either tension or compression, is called a counterbrace. A member of a truss system which acts only for a particular partial loading, and which has a zero stress when the truss is completely loaded is called a counter.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames
4.6
Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding When a truss is supported at its ends by columns, the truss together with its columns, considered as a unit, is called a bent.
The intersection between two or more members of the truss is called a joint or panel joint and the distance between two adjacent joints along either the top or bottom chords is known as the panel or panel length. The quadrangular space, crossed by an inclined web-member, is also referred to as a panel. The axes of all members at each joint should always meet in a common point. The span of a roof truss is the distance between the centers of the supports and its rise is the distance between the apex of the truss and the line joining the points of support. The pitch of a roof truss is the ratio of the rise to the span for a truss symmetrical about its center line. The slope of an inclined member is the tangent of the angle of inclination with the horizontal, usually specified in inches rise per 12” run.
The portion of the roof between two adjacent trusses is called a bay.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.6.2 TYPES OF TRUSSES
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames
4.6
Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
A. RELATIVE TO THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE MEMBERS COMPOSING THE TRUSS
1. Complete Frame. A complete structural frame, or truss, is one which is made up of the minimum number of members required to provide a complete system of triangles fixing the relative positions of a given number of panel joints. If the number of panel points in the given structure and n = the number of necessary members.
n = 2p – 3 2. Incomplete Frame. One in which the number of members is less than that required by the equation given above.
3. Redundant Frame. A redundant frame is one which contains more members than that required by the equation given above.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
B. RELATIVE TO FORM
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames
4.6
Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding 1. Triangular 2. Quadrangular 3. Crescent
DOUBLE HOWE WARREN BOWSTRING
4. Scissors
SCISSORS
5. Arched
CAMBERED
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C. RELATIVE TO METHOD OF SUPPORT
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames
4.6
Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding 1. Simple Truss. A truss supported at each end-point.
2. Overhanging end span. A truss supported at one end-joint and other joint not an end-joint.
3. Cantilever span. A truss where the entire support is at one end only.
Heel Truss Plate Top Chord Panel Length Web Peak Continuous Lateral Brace Slope Pitch Overhang Bottom Chord Bearing Point Splice Panel Point Wedge Block Span (Out to Out of Bearings) Cantilever Bottom Chord Length
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames
4.6
Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
D. RELATIVE TO ARRANGEMENT OF THE WEB-BRACING SYSTEM
FINK HOWE SAWTOOTH WARREN PRATT PETTIT SCISSORS
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4.6.3 RIGID FRAMES
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames
4.6
Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding Rigid frames consist of two columns and a beam or girder that are rigidly connected at their joints. Applied loads produce axial, bending and shear forces in all members of the frame since the rigid joints restrain the ends of the members from rotating freely. In addition, vertical loads cause a rigid frame to develop horizontal thrusts at its base. A rigid frame is statically indeterminate and rigid only in its plane.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.7 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems
4.7
Steel Welding
4.7.1 ARRANGEMENT OF VERTICAL COMPONENTS
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems
4.7
Steel Welding
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.7.2 STRENGTHENING THE FRAMING SYSTEM
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems
4.7
Steel Welding The framing system can be stiffened against horizontal forces in the following three (3) methods: 1. The structure is composed of rigid frames which may comprise some hinged joints but there must be sufficient rigid joints to ensure that none of the nodes of the frame is free to move sideways. The members may be straight or curved and a variety of shapes may be chosen for such framed structure.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems
4.7
Steel Welding 2. A bracing system which consists of a triangulated framework of rolled sections will hold the joints together and further strengthen the framework against lateral loads. The center lines of members converging at a joint should intersect at one point. The joints themselves are conventionally assumed to be hinged, so that the members are either ties or struts, loaded purely in tension or compression, respectively. However, the overall bracing effect of a lattice system can be enhances by constructing it with tiff members and rigid joints.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems
4.7
Steel Welding 3. Finally, shear walls in the form of more or less solid diaphragms, usually of reinforced concrete, transmit the wind and earthquake forces by shear and bending.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems
4.7
Steel Welding
4.7.3 The Ultimate Structures for Skyscrapers – THE TUBULAR FRAME
The high-rise building conceived as a rigid tube -- If a high-rise building is of suitably compact shape on plan (circular, square, not too narrow a rectangle), the external columns can be structurally merged with the external lattice bracing or with spandrel girders so as to form a vast rigid tube. This stiffening system is particularly effective and economical. This is due not only to the optimum distribution of the bracing, but also more particularly to the co operation of all the columns and bracing or spandrel girders in the external walls.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems
4.7
Steel Welding The John Hancock Center, Chicago (architects: Graham and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill) employs the tube in its framing system. In this 335 m high 100-story building, all the horizontal forces are transmitted through external bracing, whereby a substantial saving has been achieved in comparison with a bracing system located in the interior. The external lattice members form a distinctive architectural feature.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.8 STEEL WELDING
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.8
Welding has become fully accepted as a means of joining steel structural members in buildings because it has the inherent advantage of fusing the metals to be joined, thereby simplifying connections and fabricating operations.
4.8.1 DEFINITION OF FUSION WELDING (ELECTRIC ARC WELDING)
The fusion welding process employs an electric arc, wherein energy in the form of heat is supplied by establishing an arc between the base or parent metal (the parts to be joined) and a metal electrode. As the arc is formed, tremendous heat is concentrated at the point of welding. Instantly, the materials are at melting-point temperature. The parent metal melts in a small pool and additional metal supplied by the electrode is transferred through the arc an deposited in the pool. As the electrode continues along the joint, the molten metal left behind solidifies to form the weld.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.8.2 COATED ELECTRODES
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.8
Most welding is done with coated electrodes. The function of the coating is to form a gaseous shield, which protects the arc and molten metal from contact with the air. Oxides and nitrides resulting from contact with the air tend to produce brittle welds. The coating also forms a slag-fuse shield, which floats above the molten metal, protecting it from the atmosphere. The slag is easily removed after the weld has cooled.
The size and strength of weld is determined by the length of its leg. For an
E60 electrode
computed on the basis of 800 pounds per linear inch per 1/16 inch of leg size.
on A36 steel, the allowable stress may be For A36 steel or higher-strength steels up to Fy = 60 ksi, an
E70 electrode
should be used and the the allowable stress may be computed on the basis of 930 pounds per linear inch per 1/16 inch of leg size.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.8
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.8.3 TYPES OF WELD
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.8
FILLET WELD – is of approximately triangular section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other. The fillet weld is the most common type of weld used in structural work.
GROOVE WELD – is made by depositing filler material in a groove between two members to be joined. The standard types of grooves are
square, V, bevel-U, and J
. With the exception of the square groove, all grooves may be either single or double.
PLUG or SLOT WELD – is made of a circular hole (plug) or an elongated hole (slot) in one member of a lap joint, joining that member to the portion of the surface of the other member that is exposed through the hole.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
4.8.4 WELD POSITIONS
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.8
There are four positions in welding. In order of economy, they are the flat, horizontal, vertical, and overhead positions. Overhead welds, which is the most difficult, should be avoided whenever possible.
4.8.5 WELD JOINTS
The three most common joints used in structural work are the
butt, T,
and
lap joints
. Other types are the
edge
and
corner joints
. Fillet welds are applicable to T, lap, and corner joints; groove welds are applicable to all joints with the exception of lap joints.
Structural Steel Construction 4.0
Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.8
STANDARD WELDING SYMBOLS
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Structural Steel Floor Framing Systems Steel Columns & Connections Steel Beams & Connections Open-Web Steel Joists Metal Decking Steel Trusses & Rigid Frames Structural Steel Framing Systems Steel Welding
4.8
WELDING SYMBOLS – Examples of use