Transcript Unit Three: Global Interactions (1200 – 1650)

Unit Three: Global Interactions
(1200 – 1650)
As a result of the Crusades, there was an
increase in trade.
Following the Crusades, global trading
networks were established.
Japan & Geography
Archipelago (a chain
of islands)
Japan is 85%
mountainous
Japan has been
protected from
invasion by the Sea of
Japan (ex. Mongols in
the 13th century)
Japan & Geography
Japanese rely on
terrace farming and
the sea for food
Japan lacks many
natural resources
“ring of fire”
(volcanoes &
earthquakes in the
Pacific).
Tokugawa Japan and the
Korean Peninsula
Early Traditions in Japan
Patriarchal (male dominated)
Heavily influenced by Buddhism and
Confucianism
Filial Piety (respect for elders)
Shintoism
Japanese pray in
Shinto Shrines
Shintoism (ancestor
worship, Kami {spirit}
& respect for nature)
Shintoism has been a
unifying force in
Japan
Korea as a bridge for Chinese
ideas in Japan
Many fundamental
aspects of Japanese
life were borrowed
from the Chinese via
Korea (ex. Character
Writing, architecture
{Pagoda}, Buddhism,
Confucianism)
Selective Borrowing
The notion that the
Japanese borrowed
foreign ideas that met
there needs (examples.
Confucianism,
language, tea
ceremony) and
blended these ideas
with their own original
traditions to create
their unique culture.
Early Japanese History &
Feudalism
There has been only
one imperial bloodline
in Japan tracing its
roots back to the
Yamato clan prior to
500AD.
Heian Period
700 – 1100 AD
A celebrated period in
Japanese history
where the imperial
court lived in
elegance.
The emperor ruled
with real power.
Shoguns
(1192 – 1868)
Overtime the emperor
lost real power to the
military commanders
A shogun was a top
military commander
who assumed actual
power in Japan. The
emperor was a
figurehead.
Social hierarchy in Japan
Samurai – followed
the code of the
bushido (code of
conduct for warriors)
Farmers
Artisans
Merchants (the lowest
class according to
Confucian values)
Comparison to European
Feudalism
Both societies had a rigid class structure
with the warriors as the upper class and an
emphasis on social order.
Both societies had a code of conduct for
warriors (Japanese Samurai – Bushido,
European knights – Chivalry)
The landed nobility controlled the daily
lives of those living on their property
in exchange for providing protection
for them.
Tokagawa Shogunate
(1600’s – 1868)
This family line ruled Japan in relative
peace for 300 years.
It followed a foreign policy of isolationism.
(Japan was not opened to trade with the
outside world again until the 1853 visit of
American Commodore Matthew Perry).
Cultural advances during this time include
haiku (Japanese poetry)
The rise and fall of the
Mongols Empire
Genghis Khan
Pax Mongolia
The golden age of the
Mongols
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan, ruler of
half the known world, in
1260 A.D. established
an official alphabet for
his empire.
He intended for it to
serve all the languages
from Austria to Korea-to unify his vast
Mongolian Empire
Impact on Central Asia and China
The Mongols
were superior
horseman and
were able to
conquer most of
Asia
Mongols& Russia
The Mongols
controlled Russia from
the early 1200’s until
1480, during which
time Russian contact
with Europe was
limited.
The Mongols in China
The Yuan Dynasty1279 - 1368
Marco Polo
Ibn Battuta
World traveler from
Morocco. He first
visited Mecca, then
proceeded to the far
east. The records of
his travels helped
historians.
The rise and fall of African
Civilizations
Ghana (800 – 1000
AD)
Mali
(1200 AD– 1450 AD)
Songhai
(1450 AD – 1600 AD)
All three kingdoms maintained
trading networks across the
Sahara desert
The main export was
gold, which made
each kingdom wealthy,
and provided them
with the conditions for
cultural and
intellectual
achievement.
Located along trade routes
One similarity
between the Ancient
African kingdoms of
Egypt, Ghana, Mali
and Songhai is that
all of these kingdoms
were located
on major trade routes
in Africa.
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were
all influenced by Islam
Mosque located in Mali
The contributions of the
ancient civilizations of
Ghana, Axum, Kush,
and Mali demonstrate
that advanced societies
developed in Africa
before Europeans
colonized this region
Ghana
(800 AD– 1000 AD)
Controlled gold-salt
trade routes in West
Africa
Viewed king as semidivine
High status held by
women
Influenced by
Muslims
Mali
(1200 AD– 1450 AD)
Expanded influence
over gold-salt trade.
Emphasized peace and
order
Mansu Musa - great
Mali emperor
Mansa Musa
Mansu Musa - a great
Islamic emperor who
went on a famous hajj
to Mecca calling
attention to the great
Mali Empire
Timbuktu
Timbuktu became a
center for Islamic
learning
Islamic scholars
traveled from around
the Muslim world to
study and teach and
the University of
Timbuktu.
Axum
East African trading
kingdom located along
the Red Sea
The Axum were
descendents from
African farmers and
Arabian traders
Axum
Introduced both
Jewish and Christian
traditions in Africa
Songhai
(1450 AD – 1600 AD)
Largest West African state
Controlled trade routes in
West Africa
Muslim
Set up efficient government
and bureaucracy
The Songhai were defeated
by people using European
weaponry
Commercial Revolution
There was a basic
economic change.
Europe went from
self-sufficient
manors to
establishing global
trading networks
that relied on
capitalism.
Trade grows
Goods from east are in demand
(silks and spices) in Europe
Towns grow as commerce
increases.
Trade fairs and towns
As monarchs collected tax revenue from
business people, the monarch grew stronger
and nobles lost power (the Kings no longer
relied on the nobles for defense because
they were able to hire professional armies
with the newly collected taxes).
As Trade increases
The power of kings increases
The power of the nobles decreases.
A middle class grows
Feudalism is weakened
New Business Practices
Partnerships and Joint Stock
Companies emerge.
Banking grows
Insurance industry grows
(insurance helped to reduce the risk
of investors).
Hanseatic League
An organization of
northern German
business people who
bonded together to
protect their business
interests
Hanseatic League
To protect shipping,
they addressed piracy
issues and built
lighthouses in the
Baltic Sea. They
successfully set up
monopolies in various
industries in Northern
Europe.
Trade Guilds
A guild was a type of trade
association.
Guilds would protect the interests
of its members by ensuring high
quality, regulating prices and
provided social services for its
members.
Major centers of trade:
Nanjing
Calcutta
Mogadishu
Venice
Florence
Expansion of the Portuguese
Spice Trade to Southeast Asia
Prince Henry’s School
for Sailors
A major
innovator of his
time.
Black Death
One - third of
Europe’s
population died as a
result of this
plague.
It was transmitted
by fleas on the
backs of rats.
Black Death
One - third of Europe’s population
died as a result of this plague.
It was transmitted by fleas on the
backs of rats.
Increasing power of Kings &
Rise of Nation-States
France
Spain
England
Russia
The Renaissance (1350-1600)
Renaissance means a “rebirth” of
culture and learning in Western
Europe.
Renaissance - A rebirth in
learning
Driven by the spirit of questioning
(learned from the Ancient Greece and
Romans - the “classic civilizations”)
Renewed interest in the individual.
Emphasis on art and literature.
Creativity in the arts was encouraged
The Renaissance begins in Italy
The Italian peninsula
was a center of trade.
Center of GrecoRoman culture.
Center of the Catholic
Church.
Renaissance cities
City-States such as
Florence and Milan
grew rich in trade
between Europe and
The Middle East.
Characteristics of the
Renaissance
Humanism
Questioning Attitude
Interest in Secular, or non religious
worldly, matters.
Rise of a wealthy middle class ($)
Great achievements in the arts.
Humanism
• Humanism was an intellectual movement where
people began to focus on life in the present, which
was in contrast to the Middle Ages' focus on the after
life.
• Humanism also stressed the importance of the
individual.
• This movement was the driving force of the
Renaissance and is reflected in the period's artistic,
literary, and scientific achievements.
Humanism
Challenged the
traditional teachings of
the Catholic Church
and medieval
thinking.
Humanism stressed the
importance of
education, with the
study of ancient Greek
and Roman texts
becoming the learning
standard.
Individual Achievement
In Europe, a major
characteristic of
humanism was
an appreciation for the
basic worth of
individual
achievement European
Renaissance: Question
1 of 15
Greco-Roman revival
Lorenzo de’ Medici
A wealthy and
powerful merchant
from Florence.
Used his wealth to
become a patron of the
arts.
A changing style in the arts
From religious to secular: a
shift in world view
Medieval Art
(before the Renaissance)
Artists depicted
subjects in an
unrealistic, two
dimensional style to
indicate the
importance of the soul
over the body
Characteristics of Renaissance
Art Three dimensional
(Illusion of depth)
realistic
lifelike
influenced by GrecoRoman culture
RENAISSANCE ARTISTS
Leonardo da Vinci
Michaelangelo
Raphael
Donatello
Leonardo da Vinci-He was a
Master painter in the old style
who was also a gifted Engineer,
Architect and Researcher;
Leonardo da Vinci
The ideal “Renaissance Man”
Leonardo da Vinci is
considered to be the
true Renaissance man.
He had an interest and
talents in many fields.
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci
made contributions as
an:
Inventor
Scientist
Architect
Painter
Mona Lisa
Notice the subject is a
lay person
Notice the use of
shading
Relatively lifelike
The Last Supper
Subject is still
religious in nature.
Notice the use of
perspective showing
depth.
Raphael
The Coronation of the Virgin
A close up of the apostles in
”The Coronation of the Virgin”
The School of Athens
Michealangelo
DAVID
Pieta
Sistine Chapel
Donatello
Face and shoulders of Donatellos
Bronze David
Brueghel
A peasant wedding & The Harvest
Literature
Are you familiar with
the works of
Shakespeare?
Machiavelli
A political philosopher.
Authored The Prince.
This handbook advises
princes how to remain in
power
“The end justifies the
means”
Leaders should do
whatever is necessary to
achieve their goals
No Central Government existed
in Italy, there were individual
city-states.
Architecture
St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
1455 -Development of the
Printing Press
Invented by
Johann
Gutenberg
Allowed for the
rapid spread of
ideas.
Effects of the Renaissance
The philosophy of humanism brought
about a decrease in the power of the
Roman Catholic Church (European
Renaissance: Question 5 of 15)
The questioning spirit led to the
Reformation and the Age of Exploration
The Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation
1517-1650
To protest = To object
To reform = To change for the better
The Protestant Reformation:
Protested practices of the Catholic
Church.
Reformation
Catholic church lost power as
people converted to protestant
religions.
New religions included:
Lutheranism and Anglicanism.
Reformation
King and Princes in Northern
Europe resented the power of the
Vatican and supported the
protestants as a way of escaping
the power of the Church.
Underlying causes of the
Reformation
The Renaissance, led people to question
the authority of the church and place greater
faith in human reason.
The rise of nation-states led monarchs to
resent the power of the pope in their
countries.
Underlying Causes of the
Reformation
Economic restrictions such as the ban on
usury, or the lending of money at interest,
created opposition to the Catholic Church
among members of the new middle class.
Resentment of the tithe (10% tax).
Corruption within the Catholic
Martin Luther
In Wittenburg
Germany Martin
Luther posted a list of
complaints against the
catholic church called
The Ninety-Five
Thesis, or questions
for debate.
Luther condemned the church
Luther condemned the
Catholic for :
Selling indulgences
Nepotism
Its interpretation of the
Bible
Indulgences
Indulgences were
pardons for sins that
could be purchased.
It equaled paying for
forgiveness.
Nepotism
The Selling of positions of power within the
Catholic Church.
Interpretation of the Bible
Martin Luther
believed that faith
alone guaranteed
salvation (afterlife).
Calvanism
Based on the teachings
of John Calvin.
Predestination- only
those chosen by god
would get salvation.
1. Moral lives
2. Hard Work
3. Simple lives
The Anglican Church or
Church of England was started
by King Henry VIII
Henry VIII
Henry was not a true
reformer, yet broke
from the Catholic
Church and the pope.
When denied a divorce
Henry issued the Act
of Supremacy and
created a national
religion for England.
Religious Wars
Religious differences
led to 100 years
warfare.
Protestant England
engaged in a naval war
with Spain.
Thirty Years War in
Germany (1618-1648)
Results of the Reformation
New Religions
Religious Wars
Greater power for civil authorities
The Counter Reformation
The Counter Reformation
Council of Trent -An
attempt to stop the
spread of Protestant
religions
The council confirmed
church teachings and
instituted reforms such
as ending the sale of
indulgences.
Results of the Counter
Reformation
The Inquisition Church courts that had
the power to execute
those convicted of
being heretics.
The Index- a list of
books Catholics were
forbidden to read
Loyola
Results of the Counter
Reformation
Religious persecution
against non-catholics (ex.
Jews and Muslims in
Spain)
Despite these moves the
Counter Reformation was
unable to restore the
former membership,power
and prestige of the church.
Results of the Reformation
Religious diversity
- England was Anglican
- Much of Northern Germany
was Lutheran
Religious disunity as evidenced by a
number of religious wars.
Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses were a call for
a)
religious revolt against the German princes
b)
reforms within the Roman Catholic Church
c)
greater papal authority
d)
crusades to spread Christianity
1453 - Fall of the Byzantine
Empire
After surviving 1,000 after the fall
of the Western Roman Empire, the
Byzantine Empire was defeated by
the Ottomans.