Transcript 附件：研讨会说课
冷水江金竹山中心学校 李慧芳
写作作为中考英语试题的主观测试题之一，是对学生 英语语言综合运用能力的考查，在试题中占有相当大的比 重。然而，考生的写作部分得分率偏低。写作能力的培养 与提高历来是英语教学中的难点之一，尤其对于普通中学 的中差生和教师来说，在写作方面方面投入了大量的精力， 但收效却不尽如人意。在这里，我对近三年娄底市的中考 写作试题做了一个简单地分析，并和大家一起探讨如何在 初三备考中提高学生的写作能力。
（
2008
年娄底）通读下列对话，然后根据上下文补齐对话内容（
10
分） （
M=Maria
；
S=Sam
）
M: Hello, Sam?
S: Maria? Hi! (61)_____________ M: I’m in England! I’m calling to say “Happy New Year!” to you. S: (62) _____________ M: So, How’s it going there?
S: Great! How’s it going with you?
M: Pretty good. (63) _____________ S: I’m having a party. My classmates and friends are here.
M: Oh, that sounds like fun. What’s the weather like in your place?
S: (64) _____________ How’s the weather there?
M: Cold. Cold and humid(
潮湿的
). And raining.
S: Sounds bad… Then good-bye!
M: (65) _____________
(
2009 娄底
) A: Hi, David!
1 4 ? B: Hi, Sarah! I am going to see Anna. She is in hospital.
A: 2 ? B: She had a traffic accident on her way to school and was hurt.
A: 3 . Is there anything serious?
B: Yes, there is something wrong with her head.
. A: Oh, my God!
B: I hope so, too.
A: 5 ? B: Sure. Let’s go!
(2010
娄底
)
通读下面的对话，然后根据上下文补全对话内容。
(L=Lin Tao Z=Zhang Ping) Z: Hey, Lin Tao, where are you going for vacation?
L: ______________________________.
Z: Really? What are you doing there?
L: I`m visiting the World Expo(
世博会
). ___________, Zhang Ping.
Z:I`m going there, too. And I want to be a volunteer.
L: You`re really cool! Have you ever been to Shanghai?
Z:______________. It will be my first time in Shanghai.
L: Me, either. Let`s go there together, shall we?
Z: Sure. _____________?
L: Hmm... Next month, ok?
Z: Ok, great! See you next time.
L: _______________________.
补全对话的设题主要有三类：
1
、日常交际用语及其应答 这类题主要考查学生对日常生活中经常运用的会话习语及其应答的掌握 情况，如打电话、购物、看病、感谢、抱怨、谈论天气、问题、禁止、警告 等。这种题有较为固定的语言模式，如
08
年的试题。
2
、具体情景语境题 根据对话的具体情景语境提供的各种信息进行全面的分析、比较和逻辑推 理，确定空缺语句。这种题的应答没有固定的语言模式，要视对话的具体情 景语境确定空缺语句，如
2010
年的试题。
3
、综合设题 综合设题就是将日常会话用语与具体情景语境相结合， 如
09
年的试题。
解补全对话题可采取以下三个步聚： 一、首先阅读全篇对话，了解对话大意，在掌握了对话主题与大意的基 础上着手做题较为快捷准确。 二、根据情景语境，边读边做题。 三、重读全篇对话，确定补全后的对话是否通顺连贯，语法是否正确。 解题时应正确使用会话用语，日常会话用语有一定的语言模式，应熟练掌 握；理清询问或答语：若为询问句，则应注意询问句与其上下句的关系；若为 疑问句，还要搞清楚何种疑问句，是一般疑问句，还是特殊疑问句，或选择疑 问句。弄清了疑问句的种类，好对症下药，给出中肯的答语；注意上下句式关 系：上下句子间有多种关系、有因果关系、转折关系，举例、证明、分类、比 较 对比、等关系。对话句之间的关系搞清楚了，就容易根据这一特定语境确定答 案。
现在我们以09年的中考补全对话题为例进行分析：
本组对话为综合设题。首先通读全文，其大意为：B在去医院看Anna的路上 看到A, A问Anna出什么事情了，B说Anna在去学校的路上出了交通事故并受了伤。 A问B, Anna伤得是否严重，B说Anna的头受了点伤，A在此表示祝愿并想和B一起 去医院看她。第1题、第2题根据答语可填出;第1题B要去看Anna,所以可以推出第 1题的答案为： What are you going to do?；第2题，B说Anna出了交通事故， 故知第2题应该问， What's wrong with her?第3题为日常会话用语，B说到 Anna出了交通事故可以推断出3题是表遗憾的语句，故答案为 I am sorry to hear that；第4题为日常会话用语，Anna 头部受伤，所以第4题是表示祝愿的句 子即，I hope she will be fine soon.；第5题表示请求，由后面的描述可得 答案为，Can I go to see her with you?对话完成后再读，该对话语法正确， 语义通顺，合乎表达习惯。
一、在教学过程中鼓励学生多背诵一些日常用语大全。 日常用语之“购物”大全
1
．
What can I do for you?
需要我帮忙吗？
2
．
Can I help you?
你买什么？
3
．
I'd like to buy…
我想买
…… I want to buy …
我想买
…… I'm looking for …
我想买
…… 4
．
What size do you want?
你想买哪个型号的？
What color do you want?
你想买什么颜色的？
5
．
Do you like this one?
你喜欢这个吗？
What about this one?
你喜欢这个吗？
6
．
Which one would you like best?
你最喜欢哪一个？
7
．
I'm afraid it's much too expensive.
我想这个太贵了。
8
．
Anything else?
还有别的吗？
9
．
Is that all?
没有什么再买的了吧？
10
．
I`ll take it.
我买了。
I'll have it.
我买了。
11
．
Can I try it on? Yes, please.
我能试穿一下吗？可以。
Can I try them on? Yes, please.
我能试穿一下吗？可以。
12
．
How much / many do you want?
你想买多少？
13
．
How much is it / are they?
这个
(
些
)
多少钱？
14
．
Here is the money.
给你钱。
15
．
How much do they cost?
多少钱？
16
．
It's nice.
它看上去很漂亮。
日常用语之“看病”大全 病人 ：
1
．
I don't feel very well.
我感觉不舒服。
2
．
I'm not feeling well.
我感觉不舒服。
3
．
My … hurts.
我某部位痛。
4
．
This place hurts.
这个地方疼。
5
．
I've got … (a cough)
我有点咳嗽。
6
．
I don't feel like + doing.
我不想
… 7
．
Is there anything serious?
是不是很严重？
Ⅱ.
检查身体 ：
1
．
Open your mouth and say "Ah".
张嘴说“啊”。
2
．
I want to take your temperature.
我想量一下体温。
3
．
Have you taken your temperature?
你量体温了吗？
4
．
Let me listen to your heart.
我听一下你心脏。
Ⅲ.
安慰病人：
1
．
There is nothing much wrong with you.
没有什么大问题。
2
．
You (He, She) will be all right soon.
你不久就会好。
3
．
Don't worry.
别着急
Ⅳ.
采取措施：
1
．
Take this medicine … times a day.
一天吃
…
次药。
2
．
Drink enough (plenty of) water and have a good rest.
多喝 水，好好休息。
3
．
You'd better stay in bed till …
你最好卧床直到
…… 4
．
You'd better take him (her) to the nurse, and she'll give (him) her some pills.
一些药片。 你最好带她去护士那里，她会给他
5
．
Try this medicine, take it after breakfast.
试一下这个药， 饭后吃。
日常用语之“问路”大全 问路方：
1. Excuse me, Where’s…? 2. How can I get to…?
3. Can / Could you tell me the way to the …., please?
4. Could you tell me how to get to the …?
5.Which bus can take me to the …?
6. Which number do I need?
7. Is it far from here?
8. Thank you.
指路方：
1. It’s over there on the left/right.
2. It’s next to …/ in front of …/behind the…/ between… and….
3. It’s at the end of the street.
4. Walk /Go along /down the road /the street, and take the second turning on the left/right.
5. It’s about 100 meters along on the right.
6. You’d better take a bus.
7. Go down this street until you reach the second traffic lights.
8. At the end of the road you’ll see the…. It will take you about half an hour.
9. Go across the bridge.
10. Go along this road to the end.
11. Turn left/ right at the second crossing.
12. Take the No. 3 bus and it will take you there.
13. The no.3 bus will take you there.
14. You’d better take the No.3 bus to the hospital.
15. You can’t miss it. / You’ll find it. / You’ll see it on the left.
16. It’s about 15 minutes’ walk.
日常用语之“打电话”大全 拨电话方：
1. Could / May / Can I speak to …, please?
2. Who’s that (speaking)?
3. This is … (speaking).
4. Could you ask him / her to call me back 5. I’m calling you to tell you to….
6. Can I leave a message?
7. That’s very kind of you.
接电话方：
1. Hello. 6098724.
2. This is … (speaking).
3. Who’s that?
4. Yes, it is.
5. Hold on, please. / One moment, please.
6. I’m sorry /afraid he’s not in at the moment/ right now.
7. Can I take a message?
8. What’s your telephone number?
第二、每堂课前的五分钟，随意指定一个话题让学生进 行情景对话练习，既巩固了知识又增加了学习的兴趣。
（
2008
年娄底）书面表达（
10
分） 假如你是袁虹，你的澳大利亚笔友
Tina
想要你介绍家乡娄底的情况， 请根据下面表格中提供的英文信息，用
50-60
个词，发一个
给她。 开头和结尾已写出，不计入字数。 Location( 位置 ) Characteristics( 特 征 ) Climate( 气候 ) Tour( 旅游 ) in the center of Hunan Province 200,000 people, streets wide with green tall trees hot in summer, not rather cold in winter many places of interests: Meijiang Scenic Spot, Boyue Cave, Meishan Imperial Palace and the Native Place of Zeng Guofan
（2009 娄底） Zhou Hui 和 Ge Bin是“一帮一”活 动中结成的一对学习伙伴。 Zhou Hui在Ge Bin的帮助下有 了明显的进步。请根据下表信息写一篇60字左右的短文（ 开头已写出，不计入总词数） Zhou Hui Ge Bin In the past didn’t listen carefully in his class like to play computer games every day Now study hard get on well with his classmates Make Zhou Hui be interested in his study Help Zhou Hui with his study
(2010 娄底)当前农村有大量的留守儿童（left-behind children), 他们 的父母常年在外务工,导致他们在学习和生活等方面存在很多困难。如何让留 守儿童在缺少父母照顾的情况下仍能正常学习和生活？请你根据下表中的提示 写一篇关于留守儿童的短文。
government teachers Care about the problem Set up boarding schools(
寄宿学校
)… Take good care of… Spend more time… Left-behind children Learn to look after themselves Study harder
2008
、
2009
、
2010
年娄底中考英语书面表达采用半开放 式的形式，
2008
年采用了说明文文体
(
介绍家乡娄底的情 况
)
；
2009
年采用了记述文文体（“一帮一”学习伙 伴）
;2010
年采用了议论文的文体（留守儿童问题）。尽管文体不同但 基本要求大同小异：考生既要完成所给要点，又要根据要求 做适当的自由发挥。 而纵观中考英语的评分标准我们可以发现，除了一些硬 性指标
(
例如字数多少、单词拼写、书写工整程度
)
，阅卷官 给分的标准主要集中在以下几个软性指标：
1
、内容要点是 否齐全；
2
、词汇、句式是否准确；
3
、逻辑关系词使用是否 到位。
我们不妨先看一些考生写的句子： 1.宽广的街道两旁有很多的绿树。 Streets have many green tall trees.
2.Zhou Hui有了明显的进步。 Zhou Hui make progress .
3.娄底位于湖南的中部。 Loudi in the center of Hunan Province.
由此可见考生的写作中存在如下问题：英汉语法混乱，汉语式英语 严重；基本句型结构掌握差，句子成分不全；动词时态，语态不准确， 甚至句子缺少谓语；整个句子只是词语的堆砌，无法表词达意；表达单 调、机械，缺乏高级词汇，不会使用复杂句式。所有这些问题都提醒我 们写正确句子、高级句子的重要性和迫切性。
1、 “巧妇难为无米之炊”，写作是一种语言的输出形式，没有输入，哪有输出？ 大 脑里没有储存一定量的优秀单词、词组和句子，写出来的就只会是词语的堆积，不仅 毫无美感，而且错误百出，更不能表词达意，只有积累了大量的语言素材，写作才有 可能写好。所以，大量背诵英文文字材料是一种看似笨拙，实则最为有效的方法之 一，尤其对于基础较差的学生来说，背诵是务实语言基础，练好基本功必备的第一步。 这里面要强调一点，我们在后期指导学生写作时，不要忽略我们手中的重要资源-课 文，要围绕课文综合练习提高学生写作水平，要让学生熟读课文去培养语感。 2、优化批改和讲评的过程。在批改中，关注学生写作过程中的情感体验、态度价 值观，鼓励学生运用高级词汇，适当使用过渡词。讲评时可以把学生的典型错误列出 来，进行有针对性地讲评和让学生们去比较。 3、要训练同一内容的不同表达方式，同一题材作文的一题多写，丰富学生的语言 结构和语言表达方式。选词要多样化。用词单一会使语言枯燥无味、苍白无力；而选 词多样化可以增强语言的表现力，使文章的表达更丰富。我们从各种报刊收集一些例 句对学生进行指导和训练。
4、教会学生答题步骤和技巧 1）答题有步骤 ①审题。审题的训练对于每个学生都不陌生，我要说的是审题一定要做到五个方面： 一审主题（写什么），二审体裁（记叙、说明、议论、夹叙夹议），三审时态（时态中 两个扣一分，三个降一档），四审人称（别犯低级错误），五审内容要点（一定要在试 卷中画出，免得写的时候忘记，导致跑题） ②打草稿。中考一定要打草稿，两大优势 a.中考时落笔错误是难免的，涂改就会扣卷面分，打草稿就可以避免这个情况了。 b.正式写作是对草稿的再梳理，语言的再锤炼。 ③再次，扩展要点，丰富要点,将句子补充完整。教师可借助多媒体，指导学生扩 展要点，首先给要点加上主语和修饰语，然后丰富要点, 把要点扩展成句子，将句子补 充完整，适当地使用倒装句、强调句、复合句，使句子向高级升华，打好草稿。尤其对 难以确定的表达一定要进行推敲。 ④全面检查、修改拼写、标点符号错误，修改人称、时态、语态错误， 修改句子结构和逻辑错误。考虑语篇结构、考虑句式的变化和词汇的丰富。 ⑤最后，书写工整。
2
）得分抓关键 鼓励学生特别是基础较好的学生写作时要尽量使用多样词汇和短语，选择有 变化的句型结构，长短句交替使用，学会活用句型。 ①短句子的使用使文章简洁明快，如使用一些固定句型、不定式结构、 省略表达等。如：
e.g. Once begin, you must go on. To be a good student, you must study hard.
②名言警句的引用可使文章添彩。
e.g.
1. Every coin has two sides.
每个硬币都有两面，比喻事物的两面性。
2. The winter is coming and the spring is not far.
冬天已经临近了
,
春天还 会远吗
?
3. Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
4. Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
5. Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
6. A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一堑，长一智。
7.Time and tide wait for no man.
时不我待。
8. Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
③准确使用过渡词，使文章行文连贯。如： 表达先后顺序时，可用
to start with, next, then, finally(
适合于四点的情况
)
。
on the one hand, on the other hand
（适用于两点的情况） 表达对比时，可用
but ,while ,however.
表列举时，可用
for example ,take sth for example.
表观点时，可用
in my opinion, in one word ,in other words ,as far as I know.
表结果时，可用
so , therefore , as a result ,in this way 3
）结构要清晰注重结尾句，好的结尾句可以为文章增色不少。例如
08
年的 中考作文题，介绍你的家乡娄底，可以在文章的结尾用含义较深的话点明主题
,
深化主题
,
起到“画龙点睛”的效果：
I love my hometown, and I am proud of it. 4
）发挥要适当根据目前中考的趋势，书面表达中多为学生的自主发挥提供 了一定空间，但发挥不能本末倒置，不能画蛇添足，做无意义的发挥。
5
）正确是根本
一、 环保
1. It's our duty to protect our environment.
2. It is very important to take care of our environment.
3. We should not throw litter onto the ground.
4. We should not spit in a public place/cut down the trees.
5. We should plant more flowers and trees.
6. We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin.
7. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful.
二、旅游
1. Last Sunday (Saturday,…) ,it was sunny (rainy, windy) 2. I got up very early (late). After breakfast I went to …with my friends by bike, bus
，
… 3. We enjoyed ourselves
。
4. We forgot the time. We didn't come back until 5 o'clock
。
5. We all felt very tired, but we were happy
。
6. I thought I would never forget this trip
。
7. Last summer, my parents and I went to Beijing for our holidays
。
8. We visited a lot of places of interest
。
9. We had a good time there
。
三、 比赛
1. Last Sunday, Class One had a football match with Class Two
。
2. All of us went to watch it
。
3. The match was very exciting
。
4. In fact, I have never seen such an exciting match before
。
5. The score was 5-3. Our team scored three goals in the last fifteen minutes
。
6. Class One won this match. Class Two lost
。
7. Class One played well. They deserved to win
。
8. Their PE teacher was very pleased with their performance
。
四、 健康
1. It is very important to keep healthy.
2. How can we keep healthy? 3. We can't go to sleep too late. We can't get up too late.
4. We should eat the food healthily.
5. We should do more exercise.
6. Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head.
7. I didn't feel like eating anything.
8. I decided to see the doctor.
9. In the doctor's office, the doctor looks over me carefully. 10. He said :"Nothing serious." And he told me to take a rest and drink more water.
五、 学科
1. My favorite subject is English.
2. More than three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.
3. It is used by travelers and business people all over the world.
4. China has joined the WTO and the Olympic Games will be held in China. English becomes more and more useful.
5. So English is very important and I like English very much.
6. We have a lot of fun in the English class.
7. Our English teacher often makes us happy in the English class.
8. I hope I can go abroad one day, and then I can speak to foreigners in English.
9. I like English and try my best to learn it.
六、 节日
1. In China the most important holiday is the Spring Festival
。
2. It comes in January or February
。
3. On the Spring Festival Eve people have a big dinner. They have a lot of nice food to eat
。
4. During the Spring Festival people have a lot of interesting things to do
。
5. People visit their relatives and friends
。
6. They greet each other with a hug and say, "Happy New Year"
。
7. As China is a big country, people in different places celebrate this holiday in different ways
。
七、 写人
1. His name is Jack
。
2. He was born in London in 1982
。
3. He is 1.68 meters tall and weighs 52 kilos
。
4. He is 20 years old
。
5. He comes from England
。
6. He is a good ping-pong player
。
7. He is medium build
。
8. He has short hair
。
9. He is outgoing. Every one likes to talk with him. He gets on well with us
。
10. He teaches English very well
。
11. He works very hard. He works in No.5 Middle School
。
12. He loves watching football games after work
。
13. He often helps me with my English
。
14. At the age of six, he began to play table tennis
。
八、 生活
1. Jim got up very early.
2. Jim cleaned the room and do the housework.
3. Jim went to shop and did some shopping.
4. Jim did some cooking.
5. Jim fed the cat.
6. Jim sweeps the floor.
7. He washes the dishes.
8. It is a busy day. He is very tired. But he feels happy.