Transcript A stimulus is a(an)

A stimulus is a(an)
1. reaction to an
external event.
2. reaction to an
internal event.
3. internal or external
response.
4. internal or external
signal.
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For a behavior to evolve under the influence
of natural selection, that behavior must be
1. directed by genes.
2. neither adaptive
nor harmful.
3. acquired through
learning.
4. related to predator
avoidance.
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Animals that have very simple
nervous systems cannot
1. detect external
stimuli.
2. process information
from their senses.
3. respond to stimuli.
4. exhibit complex
behaviors.
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Suppose two animals exhibit different responses to
the same stimulus. Which of the following would
NOT be a plausible explanation for this difference?
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2.
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Only one of the animals is sensitive to that stimulus.
The animals’ nervous systems process information
differently.
The animals’ muscular and skeletal systems are
different.
Different experiences have caused the animals to
learn different responses.
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When disturbed, certain moths lift their front wings to
expose eyelike markings on their hind wings. This behavior
would be most effective against predators that hunt by
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2.
3.
4.
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sound.
smell.
sight.
touch.
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Which of the following terms is
NOT closely related to the others?
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2.
3.
4.
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innate behavior
learned behavior
inborn behavior
instinct
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The Fischer’s lovebird builds its nests with long strips of
vegetation that it cuts with its beak. A closely related
species, the peach-faced lovebird, cuts shorter strips for its
nests. When these two species are interbred, the hybrid
offspring cut strips of intermediate length for their nests.
These observations suggest that this
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building is
1. an innate behavior.
2. the product of insight
learning.
3. influenced by
imprinting.
4. a behavioral cycle.
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Complex inborn behaviors include
each of the following EXCEPT
1. web building in
spiders.
2. nest building in
birds.
3. potato washing in
macaques.
4. suckling of newborn
mammals.
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Young sea turtles head for the ocean
immediately after they hatch. This behavior
is most likely
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1. innate.
2. learned through
trial and error.
3. classically
conditioned.
4. the result of
habituation.
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You could conclude that a behavior is innate
rather than learned if you showed that
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the behavior is different in individuals that have
had different experiences.
some individuals perform the behavior and some
do not.
individuals become better at performing the
behavior the more they practice it.
all individuals perform the behavior the same
way each time.
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Trial-and-error learning is also
known as
1. operant
conditioning.
2. insight learning.
3. classical
conditioning.
4. innate behavior.
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Insight learning is a form of
behavior that
1.
is characterized by decreased
responsiveness to unimportant stimuli.
involves random responses that lead to
either reward or punishment.
involves applying something already
learned to a new situation.
is performed correctly without any
previous experience.
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3.
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The process in which an animal stops
responding to a repetitive stimulus is called
1. habituation.
2. classical
conditioning.
3. operant
conditioning.
4. instinct.
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Any change in which a behavior is altered as
a result of experience is called
1. habituation.
2. operant
conditioning.
3. innate behavior.
4. learning.
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In Pavlov’s experiments on
classical conditioning, dogs
1.
learned to associate food with
salivation.
learned to ring a bell whenever they
were hungry.
associated a stimulus with a reward.
were conditioned to produce an
innate behavior in response to food.
2.
3.
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Aquarium fish often swim to the water’s
surface when a person approaches. Their
behavior has probably formed through
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1. instinct.
2. classical
conditioning.
3. imprinting.
4. insight learning.
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If a dog that barks when indoors is always let outside
immediately, it will learn to bark whenever it wants to go
outside. This change in the dog’s behavior is an example of
1. classical
conditioning.
2. operant
conditioning.
3. insight learning.
4. imprinting.
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People who move into an apartment near railroad tracks
are awakened at night each time they hear a train go by.
After about a week, they can sleep through the night, even
though the trains continue to run on the same schedule.
The change in their sleeping behavior
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an example
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1. classical
conditioning.
2. operant
conditioning.
3. habituation.
4. insight learning.
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When you use knowledge and experience to
figure out why a lamp in your house will not
light, you are using
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1. classical
conditioning.
2. insight learning.
3. innate behavior.
4. trial-and-error
learning.
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The type of learning that results from the
association of two stimuli in the environment
is called
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1. classical
conditioning.
2. operant
conditioning.
3. habituation.
4. trial-and-error
learning.
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A rat that successfully runs a maze is rewarded with food.
Each time the rat runs the same maze, it makes fewer
mistakes before it reaches the food. The rat is learning to
find the food through
1. classical
conditioning.
2. operant
conditioning.
3. habituation.
4. insight learning.
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For young geese to imprint on
an object, that object must
1. move.
2. be some kind of
animal.
3. look like an adult
goose.
4. be the same size
as an adult goose.
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The ability of salmon to recognize their
home stream at spawning time is an
example of
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insight learning.
competition.
imprinting.
communication.
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Imprinting is a form of behavior
that
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2.
is restricted to birds.
is often used in the
training of adult animals.
occurs during a specific
time in young animals.
always involves the
sense of sight.
3.
4.
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If a young song sparrow is raised in isolation in a
soundproof chamber, it will sing a nearly normal song when
it is mature. However, it will be able to sing more variations
of the song if it is allowed to hear other birds sing as it
grows. These findings indicate that
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the ability of song sparrows to sing is a learned
behavior.
song sparrows use classical conditioning to teach
themselves to sing.
sounds produced by other birds cause young song
sparrows to sing.
song development in this species involves both
innate behavior and learning.
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After a young duck imprints on a nonliving
model of an adult duck, the young duck will
1. then imprint on its
mother.
2. then imprint on any
real adult duck.
3. follow only that
model.
4. follow any other kind
of model.
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Geese that are exposed to a moving box during the first
two days after hatching will imprint on the box. Geese that
are totally isolated from any moving objects during the
same period will never imprint on anything. These results
show that
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young geese must see some type of box to imprint
correctly.
the first two days after hatching are a critical period
for imprinting in geese.
geese have an instinctive tendency to avoid moving,
box-shaped objects.
geese must be exposed to their mother more than
two days after hatching to imprint on her.
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A circadian rhythm is a cycle
that
1. is related to the
phase of the moon.
2. is related to the
temperature of the
air.
3. has a daily pattern.
4. has a seasonal
pattern.
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Migration is a behavior that is
usually influenced by
1. changing
seasons.
2. the phase of the
moon.
3. the rise and fall of
tides.
4. the time of day.
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The Australian burrowing frog spends the hot, dry summer
months underground, sealed in a cocoon. The behavior of
this frog during these months is best described as
1. a circadian
rhythm.
2. a ritual.
3. territoriality.
4. dormancy.
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An animal is most likely to enter
into dormancy when
1. it is advantageous to
be active.
2. resources are most
difficult to find.
3. food is very plentiful.
4. the weather is very
mild.
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Animals are least likely to
migrate out of an area where
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there is little or no seasonal change
in weather.
food becomes scarce during part of
the year.
competition for resources increases
during part of the year.
winters are very cold and snowy.
2.
3.
4.
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Which of the following is NOT a
type of social behavior?
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2.
3.
4.
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courtship
habituation
aggression
competition
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The members of a society
1.
belong to at least two
species.
exhibit a type of social
behavior.
act independently for
each individual’s benefit.
are usually unrelated to
one another.
2.
3.
4.
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It is advantageous for grazing mammals to
gather in groups because groups
1.
can make the available food
resources last longer.
can migrate more easily than
individuals can.
are more difficult for predators to
locate than individuals are.
offer greater protection from
predation.
2.
3.
4.
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Closely related species often look similar but have
courtship behaviors that are slightly different. One
function of courtship in such species would be to
1.
increase competition between the
species.
increase communication between
the species.
ensure that mating occurs between
members of the same species.
promote the evolution of new
species through interbreeding.
2.
3.
4.
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In some species of balloon flies, males spin balloons of silk
and carry them while flying. If a female approaches one of
the males and accepts his balloon, the two will fly off to
mate. This type of behavior is an example of
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aggression.
territorial defense.
courtship.
language.
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The resources that an animal protects in its
territory can include all of the following
EXCEPT
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1. food.
2. nesting sites.
3. potential mates.
4. predators.
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An animal can benefit most by
defending a territory if
1.
that territory has more resources
than surrounding areas.
that territory has many predators.
there are more than enough
resources in that territory for all
competitors.
the animals it defends against do not
use the same resources.
2.
3.
4.
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Competition for limited resources can
involve each of the following EXCEPT
1.
2.
3.
4.
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rituals.
circadian rhythms.
displays.
aggression.
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Dolphins communicate with one
another mainly through
1.
2.
3.
4.
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sound.
visual displays.
chemical signals.
pheromones.
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A pheromone is a type of
1. visual signal.
2. sound signal.
3. chemical
messenger.
4. defensive display.
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What would be the best way for an animal to communicate
its ownership of an area’s resources to other individuals
that visit the area when the owner is not around?
1.
Use colors and patterns on its body as
visual displays.
Produce sound signals while patrolling
the area.
Leave pheromones near the
boundaries of the area.
Show aggression when approached by
other individuals.
2.
3.
4.
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Animals that use language are those
that have the greatest capacity for
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2.
3.
4.
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innate behavior.
behavioral cycles.
habituation.
insight learning.
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Nocturnal animals that have a poorly
developed sense of smell are most likely to
communicate by
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1. sound signals.
2. visual displays.
3. pheromones.
4. chemical signals.
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Natural selection favors the evolution of any
behavior that is adaptive and influenced by
genes. _________________________
1. True
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2. False
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Some birds navigate by detecting Earth’s
magnetic field.
_________________________
1. True
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2. False
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A mammal will begin to shiver when its body temperature
drops below a certain point. Therefore, low body
temperature is a stimulus for shivering behavior.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
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Learned behaviors appear in fully functional
form the first time they are performed.
_________________________
1. True
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2. False
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When a marsupial embryo crawls into its mother’s pouch to
complete its development, it is exhibiting an innate
behavior. _________________________
1. True
2. False
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An “invisible fence” delivers a mild shock to a dog each time the dog
tries to leave a defined area. Through classical conditioning, the dog
eventually learns to avoid the shock by staying inside the area.
______________________________
1. True
2. False
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A cat that runs into the kitchen when it hears a can being
opened shows that its behavior has been modified through
reasoning. ______________________________
1. True
2. False
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Imprinting involves both innate and learned
behavior. _________________________
1. True
2. False
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Young salmon use their sense of sight to
imprint on the stream in which they hatch.
_________________________
1. True
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2. False
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Most bats sleep during the day and hunt or forage at night.
This activity pattern in bats is an example of a migration
cycle. ______________________________
1. True
2. False
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Animals exhibit social behavior when they
interact with members of different species.
_________________________
1. True
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2. False
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When related individuals help each other survive and
reproduce, they decrease their own evolutionary fitness.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
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Competition is most likely to occur when the
resources in an area are limited.
_________________________
1. True
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2. False
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2
Some animals produce pheromones as a
type of chemical signal.
_________________________
1. True
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2. False
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Animals of species X live near waterfalls, where noise levels are high
due to the falling water. Most predators of species X hunt by using
vision. Therefore, chemical signals would be the best way for members
of species X to communicate with each other while minimizing their
vulnerability. _________________________
1. True
2. False
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Participant Scores
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Participant 1
Participant 2
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Participant 3
Participant 4
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A snail will withdraw into its shell if it is prodded with a
sharp object. In this behavior, prodding is the
____________________ and the snail’s withdrawal is the
response.
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Unlike learned behavior, a(an)
____________________ behavior is performed
correctly the first time an animal attempts it.
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All behaviors that are altered as a result of
experience are ____________________
behaviors.
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2
3
4
5
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If a dog learns to ignore vehicles that drive past its house
without stopping, the dog’s behavior has probably been
altered through the type of learning known as
_________________________.
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For an animal to become habituated to a
stimulus, the stimulus must NOT be either
____________________ or rewarding.
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3
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To find out which key will open a lock, you try
several until one works. This kind of learning is
called __________________________.
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2
3
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When an animal associates a stimulus with a
reward or punishment, it learns by the process
known as _________________________.
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If you infer the meaning of a word from the meanings of its
word roots, you are exhibiting the type of learning called
_________________________.
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Behavioral cycles that repeat every 24 hours
are called _________________________.
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Whenever animals interact with members of
their own species, they are exhibiting
____________________ behavior.
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During courtship, pairs of western grebes swim side by side with their
wings held back, their necks arched, and their beaks angled upward.
The male and female then build a nest together. This elaborate set of
courtship behaviors constitutes a(an) ____________________.
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A specific area that is occupied and
protected by an animal is called a(an)
____________________.
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Apes shake branches, make arm gestures, and vocalize
loudly when competing with one another. These behaviors
are manifestations of ____________________.
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2
3
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If an animal produces a sound and another animal obtains
information by hearing the sound, the two animals are
engaging in a form of ____________________.
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Female silkworm moths release the chemical bombykol,
which can attract male moths of the same species from
several kilometers away. In this instance, bombykol
functions as a(an) ____________________.
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What body systems are involved when
an animal responds to a stimulus?
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Define innate behavior.
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Why is it important for the suckling of a
newborn mammal to be an innate behavior?
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What is classical conditioning?
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How is habituation useful to an
animal?
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List the four major types of
learning.
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Some bears in Yosemite National Park will break into a
parked car in search of food if they see a cooler in the car.
Explain what type of learning is responsible for the bears’
behavior.
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Explain how imprinting in young geese
involves both innate and learned behavior.
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Explain why dormancy and
migration are beneficial.
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Why is it an evolutionary advantage for an
animal in a society to help other members of
the society?
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What are the functions of
courtship?
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Flocks of geese from various sites in North America may
congregate at the same lake to rest and feed during their
migrations. Does such a congregation constitute a society?
Explain why or why not
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Why does it make sense for an animal to defend
its territory against members of its own species but
not against members of most other species?
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Some leeches are attracted to the sweat of the animals on
which they feed, including humans. Does sweat function as
a pheromone in this situation? Explain why or why not
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List the types of signals animals may
use to communicate with one another.
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Starlings usually fly in a loose formation, but if a falcon (a predator) flies
above them, the starlings form a tight flock. Falcons rarely attack birds
in a flock. Is the flocking behavior of starlings favored by natural
selection? Explain your reasoning
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The front end of some caterpillars becomes larger when the caterpillar
is disturbed by a potential predator. The caterpillar then waves this
enlarged front end, which looks very similar to the head of a snake.
How is this behavior an adaptive advantage?
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Describe habituation in the
shore ragworm.
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Contrast classical and operant
conditioning.
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Shortly after hatching, before seeing anything else, a
duckling sees a dog walking slowly in front of it. What will
probably happen the next time the dog walks in front of the
duckling? Explain
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As a baseball zooms toward you, you blink your eyes and
then catch the ball. Which of your reactions is a behavior?
Which is a response? Explain
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Discuss the relative costs and benefits
of defending small and large territories.
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When many animals compete, they use rituals and displays before—or
instead of—trying to harm their opponent. For example, cats hiss at
one another to communicate aggression. Why are rituals and displays
an advantageous adaptation in showing aggression?
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Describe communication in the
cuttlefish.
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Explain how it is possible for animals to communicate
without having language, and what kinds of information
animals communicate with nonverbal signals.
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