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Dental materials: role of the
filling, classification,
temporary and permanent
filling materials
 Conservative treatment of caries, when
the pulp is vital and unexposed, is by
filling.
 If the pulp si exposed or dead, root
canal therapy is usually necessary
before the filling is done.
Dental materials
 What is a Filling?
 A filling is a way to restore a tooth damaged
by decay back to its normal function and
shape.
 Dental fillings are dental materials that have
been used to repair a decayed tooth.
 The tooth is first prepared using dental drills to
remove decay and create space for the dental
material of choice – then the material is
inserted .
 The normal function of the tooth is
thereby restored, pain is prevented, and
the vitality of the pulp is preserved.
 In front teeth, fillings restore normal
appearance, in back teeth, stagnation
areas can be eradicated and further
caries prevented.
Which Type of Filling is
Best?
 No one type of filling is best for everyone.
 Each has its advantages and
disadvantages, and where and when it
can be used.
 The location and size of the decay often
limits your options.
Dental materials are grouped
into two main categories:
 A) Temporary Fillings:
These are inserted as a temporary
measure only. They are too soft to use
as permanent fillings.
The temporary fillings are:
- Zinc oxide and eugenol cement
- Zinc phosphate cement
- Zinc polyacrylate cement
- Gutta-percha
Generations of Cements
Zinc Phosphate
Polycarboxylate
Glass Ionomer
Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Composite Cement
What do you use ???
Temporary Fillings
 They are not used as permanent fillings
as they are too soft and soluble and
would not remain intact for long periods.
 Calcium hydroxide cannot be used as a
temporary, it is an excellent cavity lining.
Uses of Temporary Fillings
1. As a first-aid measure to relieve pain,
2. When there is insufficient time to
complete the cavity and insert a
permanent filling in one visit,
3. For permanent fillings requiring more
than one visit, e.g. inlays, crowns, a
temporary restoration is necessary
between visit.
Purpose of Cavity Linings
1. Protection of pulp against thermal
shock, i.e. conduction of heat or cold
through metal fillings
2. Protection of pulp against chemical
irritation of non-metallic fillings
 ZOE- zinc oxide eugenol
 Temporary medicated fillings (zinc oxide
eugenol or ZOE) can be used when a
tooth is too sensitive with a regular filling
and the dentist wants to see if it will calm
down before putting a permanent filling
back in, or he may think you need one to
begin with for a while before he puts in a
permanent
 Temporary fillings are made of two major
components:
 Oil of clove (eugenol), which has been used for
centuries to relieve toothaches, and Zinc Oxide
powder.
 Zinc oxide is an excellent disinfectant. The oil
and oxide mix together to make a stiff paste
that eventually hardens into a waterproof
substance which soothes the nerve of the tooth
and kills germs while protecting the cavity like
a hard band aid. When used as a temporary
filling material or cement, this material is called
“zinc oxide and eugenol”, ZOE for short
ZOE - Advantages
 It is also used as a temporary filling and as a
non irritant lining for very deep cavities. It is
also used as a permanent root filling. In
addition it is often used as a sedative dressing
for dry sockets and gingivectomy.
 Disadvantages:
 It is too soft to use it for a permanent filling
 It is not compatible with every kind of non
metallic filling
Zinc phosphate cement
 Contains zinc oxide powder and phosphoric
acid liquid, which must be mixed together to
the creamy consistency.
 Use as a cavity lining for amalgam fillings and
permanent root filling and in prosthetics as a
adhesive cement for cavities and crowns.
 Advantages- it is drying quickly and is enough
adhesive to be layed under inlays and crowns.
 Disadvantages- it is irritant in the deep cavities,
that´s why has to be sub- lined by the calcium
hydroxyde.
 Bad adhesivity to a wet cavity.
Zinc polyacrylate cement
 Contains zinc oxide powder and
polyacrylic acid liquid.
 Use as an alternative of zinc phosphate
cement.
 Adv.: it is less irritant and more adhesive
than the zinc phosphate cement.
Because of it´s adhesivity it is more
difficult to prepare it.
GUTTA-PERCHA
 Contains eucalyptus and petroleum oil. It is
supplied in white or pink sticks.
 Use: as a temporary filling for inlay cavities

- vitality tests

- permanent filling for root canals

- temporary obturator for cleft palates and
cyst cavities

- lining for Gunning splints
 Adv.: it needn´t to be mixed and hardens
immediatelly
 Disadv.: it is too soft and decomposes if left in
a cavity too long.

Calcium Hydroxide
 Contains Calcium hydroxide powder and water
as liquid
 Use: as a cavity lining. It promotes formation of
secondary dentine and repair of hard tissue,
and is also used for pulp capping, pulpotomy
and other root treatment procedures.
 Adv: non irritant, can be used in deepest
cavities and it is compatible with all materials
 Disadv: sub.lining only, in deep cavities under
metal fillings
 B) Permanent Fillings:
 Permanent fillings fall into two
categories based on the method
used to place them: They are:
 A) direct restorations
 B) indirect restorations
A) Direct restorations are fillings
placed immediately into a prepared
cavity in a single visit.
 They include dental amalgam, glass
ionomers, resin ionomers and most
composite (resin) fillings. The dentist
prepares the tooth, places the filling
and adjusts it during one
appointment.
( next lectures)
 B) Indirect restorations may require two


or more visits.
They include inlays, onlays, veneers,
crowns and bridges fabricated with gold,
ceramics or composites.
During the first visit, the dentist prepares the
tooth and makes an impression of the area
to be treated.
The impression is sent to a dental laboratory,
which creates the dental restoration (filling).
At the next appointment, the dentist
cements the restoration to the prepared
tooth and adjusts it as needed.
 Dental amalgam
 The word “amalgam” when referring to
dental fillings means a mixture of two or
more metals in which mercury is a
component.
 Dental amalgam is a mix of
approximately 43 percent to 54 percent
mercury with other metals, including
silver, copper and tin. Today,amalgam is
used most commonly in the back teeth. It
is one of the oldest filling materials and
has been used (and improved) for more
than 150 years.
Amalgam
Composite (resin)
 Composite is a mixture of acrylic resin
and powdered glass-like particles that
produce a tooth-colored filling. This type
of material may be self-hardening or may
be hardened by exposure to blue light.
Composite is used for fillings, inlays and
veneers. Sometimes it is used to replace
a portion of a broken or chipped tooth.
Composite
Glass Ionomer
 Glass ionomers are tooth-colored
materials made of a mixture of acrylic
acids with fine glass powders that are
used to fill cavities, particularly those on
the root surfaces of teeth. They are
primarily used for small fillings in areas
that need not withstand heavy chewing
pressure. Glass ionomers also are used
to cement dental crowns.
Thank you
for your attention