Transcript Chapter 9 - wilsonworldhistory1213
Chapter 9 Section 1- Byzantine Empire
Constantinople
• • • • • Who: Romans & Byzantines, Constantine What: capital city of the Byzantine Empire Where: in between Black & Mediterranean Seas & Asia / Europe; Byzantine Empire When: 330-1453 Why: the city had an excellent harbor, was guarded on 3 sides by water; Emperors built an elaborate system of walls to protect the city; was the center of key trade routes that linked Asia & Europe; was the connecting point of 2 main seas & 2 continents = everyone wanted it = war
Constantinople
• • • • • Who: Romans, Byzantines, Constantine What: capital of the Byzantine Empire Where: In b/n Black & Med seas; in b/n Asia & Europe; Byzantine Empire, ME When: 330-1453 Why: Constantine named the capital of the Byzantine Empire after himself; vital center of the Byzantine Empire; heavily fortified city; key trading & business center- linked trade routes from Asia to Europe; reminder of Roman heritage
Justinian (6
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• • • • • Who: Byzantine Emperor What: leader that wanted to revive ancient Rome by recovering lands that had been lost Where: Byzantine Empire When: 527-565 Why: was unsuccessful in recovering land; after the riots he rebuilt the Empire & his great triumph was the Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s Code); ruled as an autocrat w. complete control
Justinian
• • • • • Who: Emperor of Byzantine Empire What: was determined to revive Ancient Rome by recovering land that was taken by Germanic invaders when Rome fell Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire When: 527-565 Why: The Byzantine reached its peak in power under his reign; he lost the land he attempted to gain back; his great triumph was rebuilding Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s code); ruled as an autocrat; ruled the church- Christ’s co-ruler on earth; his wife Theodora helped him rule
• • • • • • • • • 313- Constantine made Christianity the legal religion & rebuilt Constantinople 527- Justinian becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire 532- riots & fires swept Constantinople making Justinian want to rebuild 600s-700s Arab armies gained control of the Western World 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more
• • • • • • • • 313- Constantine makes Christianity the official religion of Byz Emp 527- 565 : the peak of the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Justinian 600-700: Arab armies gradually gained control of the Mediterranean 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more
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Justinian’s Code (6
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Who: Byzantines, Justinian What: a collection of laws, Corpus Juris Civilis “Body of Civil Law”, that included laws passed by Roman assemblies or Emperors, and legal writings of Roman judges; law code of Byzantine Empire Where: Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire When: 500s-1100s Why:
Justinian’s code
• • • • • Who: Romans, Byzantines, Justinian What: a massive collection that included laws by Roman assemblies & legal writings of Roman judges; Body of Civil Law for the Byzantine Empire Where: Byzantine Empire; Eastern Roman Empire When: 500s- 1100s Why: this law code impacted WE in that they modeled their laws on this & it helped to strengthen & centralize their power; led to legal thinkers creating international law; Justinian used this to unify his power under one central power
Autocrat
• • • • • Who: Justinian What: a sole ruler with complete authority WherE: Byzantine Empire When: 500s- 1100s Why: Justinian used the law to unify the Empire under his control; ruler of both political & religious spheres
Autocrat (6
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• • • • • Who: Justinian What: Sole ruler w. complete authority Where: Byzantine Empire When: 500s-1100s Why: combined both political power & spiritual authority; had control of the church as well as the gov’t
Theodora
• • • • • Who: Justinian’s wife What: she was an advisor & co-ruler to the emperor Justinian Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire When: 497-548 Why: she constantly challenged the Emperor’s authority to pursue her own authority- she convinced him to stay in Constantinople when it was under siege; very good politician
Theodora (6
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• • • • • Who: Justinian’s wife What: advised her husband & pursued her own policies; was a shrewd politician Where: Byzantine Empire When: 497-548 Why: she helped her husband become a better ruler; she forced Justinian to stay in Constantinople during the riots of 532- he then rebuilt into a great empire after
Patriarch
• • • • • Who: Emperor & Church official What: pious church official in the Byzantine Empire; leader of the Eastern Orthodox church Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire When: 330-1453 Why: Different from WE’s Catholic church could marry & didn’t have complete control like the Pope; he controlled church affairs & was the highest church official
Patriarch (6
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• • • • • Who: Byzantine Emperor & ruler of the Eastern Orthodox church WhaT: highest church official of the Eastern Orthodox church in Constantinople Where: Byzantine Empire When: 330-1613 Why: the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire would appoint a leader right under him that would help the Emperor make decisions about the church; this leader was similar to the Catholic Pope in the West except he could marry & didn’t have complete control
Icons
• • • • • Who: Byzantine Christians & Emperor What: holy images Where: Eastern Europe & Byzantine Empire When: 330-1613 Why: many Byzantine Christians used these images of Jesus, Mary & the saints in their worship; in the 700s a Byzantine Emperor outlawed the use of these icons b.c.
it violated God’s commandment agnst worshipping; this was one of the main reasons for the Great Schism b.n Catholic & Orthodox Christianity- Catholics were ok, Orthodox said no
Icons (6
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• • • • • Who: Christians What: a dispute over holy images contributed to the Great Schism / split Where: Byzantine Empire When: 700-1000s Why: many Byzantine Christians worshipped holy images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints; the Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism
Icons (7
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• • • • • Who: Byzantine Christians What: holy images portraying Jesus, Mary, & saints Where: Byzantine Empire When: 700s- 1000s Why: Christians used these in church to show their religious devotion; Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism
Great Schism
• • • • • Who: Eastern & Western Roman Christians What: a split b.n the Eastern & Western churches into 2 different Christian churches WherE: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe When: 1054* Why: controversies b.n the 2 empires led to a split in the churches & the way they worshipped Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East) ; they became rival Christian churches instead of branches
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Great Schism (6
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Who: Christians What: a controversy over certain characteristics in the church led to the split/schism of the Christian( Catholic) church into 2 parts Where: Western Europe (West) & Byzantine Empire (East) When: 1054* Why: this split led to 2 diff Christian churches Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East); controversy over things like use of icons, priests marrying, & what language to use
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Great Schism (7
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Who: Byzantine Christians & Western Christians What: a religious split where the Byz Emp (East) & West. Europe (West) split into 2 types of Christianity Where: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe When: 1054* Why: this split was over controversies in the church such as the use of icons, marriage of priests, & what language to use; it led to 2 diff churches: Byzantine (East)- Greek Orthodox & West Europe- Roman Catholic
Quiz
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1. Identify Justinian’s code.
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2. Give an effect of Justinian.
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3. Who was Theodora?
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4. Identify the Great Schism.
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5. What 2 religions came about from #4?
Russia Section 2
Steppe
• • • • • Who: Nomadic peoples, peoples from Russia What: an open, treeless grassland Where: Russia When: 500s-600s Why: it offered splendid pasture for the herds & horses of nomadic peoples; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE
Steppe
• • • • • Who: Asians, Europeans, & nomadic peoples What: open grassland b/n Asia & Europe Where: Asia to Europe When: 330-1613 Why: offered splendid pasture for the herds & horses of the nomadic ppls; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE
Kiev (3
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• • • • • Who: Slavic peoples, Vikings, & Russians What: the capital of present-day Ukraine, center of the first Russian state Where: Ukraine, Eastern Europe When: 500s- today Why: this city’s culture & growth were a result of the mixing of the Vikings & Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too
Kiev
• • • • • Who: Russians, Slavic peoples What: capital of present-day Ukraine, was the center of the 1 st Russian state Where: Russia When: 500s-600s Why: Slavic peoples lived here in 700s/800s; Vikings were here & mixed w. Slavic peoples; they conducted trade w. Constantinople
Kiev (7
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• • • • • Who: Russians What: capital of the present day Ukraine, the center of the 1 st Russian state Where: Russia When: 500s-1613 Why: its culture & growth were the result of a mixing of the Vikings & the Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too
Cyrillic (3
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• • • • • Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukranians, Bulgarians What: an alphabet that became written script still used in Russia & E. Europe today Where: Russia, E. Europe When: 863 Why: the Byzantine Empire sent missionaries to convert Slavs in Russia in the 800s, 2 Greek brothers adapted the Greek alphabet into this so they could translate the bible into Slavic tongues in order to convert the ppls of Russia & EE
Cyrillic (7
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• • • • • Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians What: an alphabet that was adapted from the Greek alphabet Where: From the Byz Emp; to Russia, EE When: 863 Why: this allowed the Byzantine Greeks to translate their bible into Slavic language so they could convert the ppls of Russia & EE to Orthodox Christianity= Russia became Russian Orthodox Christian
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Golden Horde (3
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Who: Batu, Grandson of Genghis Khan What: Mongol armies that looted & burned Kiev & other Russian towns, fierce conquerors that control Russia for 150 years Where: Russia When: 1236-1241 Why: because they burnt Russian towns many ppl were killed, Golden Horde ruled Russia for more than 150 years; areas suffered destructive raids from the Mongols; Russian princes had to acknowledge Mongols as the rulers & pay tribute; they tolerated the Russian Orthodox Church; their rule served as an ex. To later Russian rulers
Ivan the Great (6
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• • • • • Who: Russian War hero, Russian prince, Ivan III What: brought most of Northern Russia under his rule & reconquered land from the Mongols Where: Northern Russia When: 1462-1505 Why: he built the framework for absolute rule; he tried to limit the power of the Boyars(nobles); he adopted Byzantine customs to show their influence on Russia; he created the title Tsar
Ivan the Great
• • • • • Who: Ivan III, Russian prince What: he brought much of Northern Russia under his rule Where: Russia When: 1462-1505 Why: recovered Russian territory that had fallen into the hands of others
Tsar (3
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• • • • • Who: Ivan III, Ivan the Great What: the Russian name for Caesar, title of Russia’s leader Where: Russia When: 1504-1917 Why: the Tsar was like the highest God, leader of all of Russia; Ivan the Great created this title which remained until the end of absolute rule in Russia
Tsar (6
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• • • • • Who: Russian ruler What: Russian word for Caesar, absolute ruler of Russia Where: Russia When: 1500s Why: Ivan the Great created this title to symbolize his absolute power, this title remained the name of Russia’s leader until 1917
Tsar (7
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• • • • • Who: Ivan III (the Great) What: Russian word for Caesar, title of Russia’s leader Where: Russia When: 1504- 1917 Why: Ivan III (the Great) created this title; title of Russia’s absolute leader; Ivan IV was the first official Tsar
Ivan the Terrible (6
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• • • • • Who: the first Russian ruler officially crowned tsar, Ivan the Great’s grandson, Ivan IV What: ruler of Russia that centralized royal power by limiting Boyars, granted land in exchange for military service Where: Russia When: 1530-1584 Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism
Ivan the Terrible (7
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• • • • • Who: Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia What: introduced Russia to extreme absolute power; abused his power as Tsar = called Ivan the Terrible Where: Russia When: 1530-1584 Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible
Ivan the Terrible (3
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• • • • • Who: Ivan IV, Ivan the Great’s grandson What: he abused his powers as the Tsar of Russia = Ivan the Terrible Where: Russia When: 1541-1584 Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism; after his rule Russia was left seeping w. rebellion
• 500/600- the Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & south to BE • • • 700s-900s- Vikings arrive 862- Russians claim their country started here when a prince called “the Rus” started controlling Novgorod, Russia 863- 2 Greek brothers created Cyrillic so they could translate bible into slvaic tongue to convert Russians to Christianity
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Timeline (workbook)
500s/600s- Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & South into Byzantine Empire 862- Russia dated it’s origins of their country when Prince “the Rus” began his rule in Novgorod, Russia 800s- Constantine sent Christian missionaries to convert the Slavs 863- 2 Greek brothers invented Cyrillic to convert the Slavs of Russia 957- Pricess Olga (ruler in Russia) converted to Christianity 1200s- young leader (Genghis Khan) united nomadic warriors in Central Asia to start conquering land 1236-1241- Batu (Mongol) led army into Russia, took over, & started Golden Horde (Mongol rule of Russia)
Timeline (contd)
• • • • 1500- Ivan III (the Great) recovers Russian lands from the Golden horde (the Mongols) 1547- Ivan IV becomes first Russian ruler officially crowned Tsar 1560- Ivan IV became increasingly unstable 1584- Ivan the IV (Terrible) dies leaving his lands seething w. rebellion