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Copyright 2007 by Richard P. Walters
CHAPTER 1
This exercise will reinforce what you have already learned and alert you
to concepts about which you may be unclear. There are ten questions.
You will learn the most by reading the explanatory notes for both your
correct and your incorrect choices. You will get something better from
this activity than a grade: you will learn!
Read the question, left click the best answer.
CLICK WHEN YOU ARE READY TO BEGIN
1.
Which theorist is a representative
of the Humanist paradigm?
Viktor Frankl
B. F. Skinner
Carl Rogers
Alfred Adler
INCORRECT
Frankl, the Holocaust survivor who
developed “logotherapy,” was an
existentialist—emphasizing living to
find meaning in the present moment.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Skinner was a strict determinist and as
such did not share the humanists’
beliefs in humankind’s freedom to
create their own destinies.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Adler held in common with the
humanists a recognition that people
find relationships with other people to
be an important part of life, but he did
not ascribe to humans as much
freedom as do the humanists.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Carl Rogers, definitely a leader
among the humanist movement.
People are innately good and are
capable of doing the right things
for themselves if given unhindered
opportunity. Or so he thought.
Next Question
2. The notion that we learn about people
by taking experience apart is a
characteristic of
constructivism.
individualism.
realism.
reductionism.
INCORRECT
Constructionist thinking brings things
together. It recognizes the capacity of
the conscious mind to manage the
impulses of the human lower nature,
albeit quite incompletely without the
work of God upon one’s life.
Try Again
INCORRECT
The focus of individualism is upon how
a person becomes independent from
other people.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Realism, which is a dimension of the
Christian worldview, assumes the
existence of an objectively tangible,
lawful world—a reality.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Reductionism seeks to explain larger or
“higher” things by breaking them into
smaller units. This is more a Greek
than Hebraic way of understanding the
world, and is more useful in study of the
physical world than in study of persons
and their relationships.
Next Question
3. Which theorist is a representative of
the Psychoanalytic paradigm?
Abraham Maslow
Sigmund Freud
Edward Wilson
Aaron Beck
INCORRECT
Abraham Maslow was a pioneer in the
Humanistic movement, although was
disillusioned with it near the end of his
life. Humanism has many worthy goals
but, despite the wondrous capacities
God created within humans, the goals
can not be adequately attained without
his help.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Edward Wilson is the prime mover of
the perspective of sociobiology.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Aaron Beck is a cognitive-behaviorist
who can teach us some worthy
lessons.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Yes, Freud started the
Psychoanalytic movement.
Next Question
4. What belief did Paul Vitz compare with “doing a
physical examination on someone by testing only
functions that exist above the neck and below the
waist?”
subjectivism
atheism
determinism
theism
INCORRECT
Subjectivism assumes that all that
exists is what we think exists. Thus,
testing only the head would be enough
(and below the waist okay for good
measure).
Try Again
INCORRECT
Determinists are not particularly
interested in examining anything
internal, preferring to look only at
observable behavior.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Theism insists on looking at the “inner
person,” for which the Bible often uses
the term “heart.”
Try Again
CORRECT!
Vitz alludes to the Bible’s use of “heart”
to represent the longing for reunion with
God that he believes is built in to the
human being. Atheism, he points out,
ignores this important element.
Next Question
5. Which theorist is a representative of
the Learning paradigm?
Carl Rogers
Viktor Frankl
Albert Bandura
Karen Horney
INCORRECT
Carl Rogers? Humanism all the way.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Viktor Frankl. He found meaning even
surrounded by dying prisoners in a Nazi
concentration camp. Existentialism.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Karen Horney, although first trained in
psychoanalysis, shifted to an emphasis
on sociocultural factors.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Albert Bandura, who learned a lot
about learning by studying children.
Next Question
6. The question of whether the best of
human experience is found in autonomy
or community is in the debate between
subjectivism and realism.
determinism and freedom.
reductionism and constructivism.
individualism and interdependence.
INCORRECT
There is only what you think there is
(subjectivism) or there is a tangible,
actual, “real” world (realism).
Try Again
INCORRECT
“I do what I do as a result of forces I can’t
control” (determinism)
or “I do what I choose” (freedom).
Try Again
INCORRECT
“Let’s take it apart” (reductionism)
or
“Let’s put it together” (constructionism).
Try Again
CORRECT!
Individualism and interdependence—
is life all about me or shall we go through
it together?
Next Question
7. Which theorist is a representative of the
Sociobiologic paradigm?
Edward Wilson
Albert Bandura
Abraham Maslow
Sigmund Freud
INCORRECT
Albert Bandura. Recall how kids
mimicked adults in the Bobo doll
experiment.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Abraham Maslow, the Humanist whose
hierarchy of human sometimes gives us
a useful explanation.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Sigmund Freud may have found this
theory fascinating but he died in 1939,
long before Wilson’s seminal book on
sociobiology, published in 1975.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Edward O. Wilson
Next Question
8. Vitz stated that “Modern secular
psychology assumes that all values are
of equal worth.”
a product only of environment.”
relative to the individual.”
liberating.”
INCORRECT
No, certainly not. Even those who claim
that there are no absolutes have
preferences and priorities.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Some would, perhaps, but determinism
prevails throughout most of secular
psychology, including a strong influence
upon humanists.
Try Again
INCORRECT
No, because many secular
psychologists believe that religious
values (especially Christian values)
restrict freedom. The concept, which
Christians hold to be a reality, that
following Christ is liberating is
regarded as a delusion.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Yes, they say it is all relative, but
they say it as an absolute fact !
Hmmmmm?
Next Question
9. Which theorist can be described as a
“strict determinist”?
Rollo May
Karen Horney
Carl Jung
B. F. Skinner
INCORRECT
Rollo May was an existentialist.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Karen Horney recognized the influence
of social relationships upon the mental
and emotional well-being of people.
Recall her concepts, basic anxiety and
basic hostility.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Carl Jung, was the mystical explorer
who forged the notion of archetypes,
and close associate of Freud. We
keep him in the psychoanalytic camp.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Skinner—the man who sought to
understand people by studying mice
and pigeons—was interested only in
cause and effect, and that is strict
determinism.
Next Question
10. Most theories, Vitz says, assume that
“knowledge, like morality, is non-objective
and dependent on each individual’s
interpretation,” a viewpoint called
subjectivism.
reductionism.
realism.
determinism.
INCORRECT
Reductionism is about dismantling the
car to see what makes it run. This view
can find a place for objective knowledge.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Realism asserts the existence of an
objective, lawful world. This is not
assumed in most theories of counseling
or personality development.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Strict determinism doesn’t consider
the individual’s interpretation. It is
interested only in cause and effect.
That was seen as a weakness giving
rise to the cognitive-behaviorist
movement that allows for influence by
the individual’s interpretation.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Subjectivism holds that all there is,
is what we think there is. This
excludes the existence of a real,
actual, tangible, lawful,
transcendent God—unless you want
to think there is, and then there is,
but only for you.
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the end
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Copyright 2007 by Richard P. Walters