Transcript Advanced Sentence Structure

Advanced
Sentence Structure
Clauses
• A subject and a predicate by
themselves make an independent
clause.
• Sentences can contain more than one
clause, and more than one type of
clause.
Clause types
• Other types of clauses: dependent,
relative
• Dependent clauses contain
subordinate conjunctions
• Relative clauses contain relative
pronouns.
Dependent clauses
• When I woke up this morning, it was
raining.
• Dependent clauses include a subject
and predicate just like an independent
clause; however, they begin with a
subordinate conjunction, which makes
them an incomplete thought.
Subordinate Conjunctions
• Indicate conditions, such as
“because,” “if,” “although,” “in,” etc.
• At the beginning of dependent
(sometimes called subordinate)
clauses.
Examples,
• Although I gave my cat flea medicine,
he still scratches himself.
• When I get tired, I just drink some
coffee.
Comma Usage
• Note that when we begin a sentence
with a dependent clause, we separate
the dependent and independent
clauses with a comma.
Dependent Clause Practice
• Try writing a sentence that contains a
dependent and independent clause.
Relative Clauses
• “The scarf that I’m wearing today is
itchy.”
• Used to describe nouns
• Start with “which,” “that,” or “who.”
• Two types: restrictive and nonrestrictive.
Non-Restrictive Relative
Clauses
• Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses give extra
information about the noun they are
describing.
• Because they can be taken out of the
sentence without affecting the meaning of
the sentence, they are placed in commas.
• Example: “My cat, who is black, is named
Loki.”
Restrictive Relative Clauses
• Restrictive relative clauses give detailed
information necessary to the sentence.
• In this case, we do not use commas to
separate this type of relative clause from
the rest of the sentence.
• Example: “Where is the blue binder that I
placed here yesterday?”
When to use Which, That, or
Who
• When referring to a person, always use
“who.”
• When referring to an object in a nonrestrictive clause, use “which.”
• When referring to an object in a
restrictive clause, use “that.”
Relative Clause Practice
• Try writing a sentence with a relative
clause.
Compound Sentences
• “I wanted some ice cream, so I got
some at the store.”
• Two independent clauses joined by a
coordinating conjunction and a
comma make up a compound
sentence.
Coordinating what now?
• Coordinating Conjunctions: FANBOYS
– For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
– Used to combine two independent clauses with
a comma.
Examples
• I wanted to leave, but my cat wanted
me to stay at home.
• She went to the store, and then she
went to see a movie.
Conjunction Practice
• Try writing two independent sentences
and combining them with a comma
and a coordinating conjunction.
Semicolons
• “You cannot eat that; it is mine!”
• Another way to combine two
sentences is with semicolons.
• When using semicolons, we do not
need to use a coordinating
conjunction.
Examples
• I like cats; he likes dogs.
• I went to the store; afterward, I went
home.
Conjunctive Adverbs
• Some words begin independent clauses
by themselves as connectors. These
words include “however,” “nonetheless,”
and “furthermore.”
• These words are called “Conjunctive
Adverbs.”
• We also place a comma behind these
words.
• These are often used behind semicolons.
Examples
• I do not like spiders; however, I am very
fond of bats.
• Susan has a demanding job.
Furthermore, she's taking two difficult
college classes.
Semicolon practice
• Write two independent clauses and
combine them with a semicolon. You
may want to use a conjunctive adverb
to combine them.
Putting it All Together
• When I went to his house, I knocked on
the door, but no one was home.
• My friend, who is older than me, has
already graduated; however, she still
lives nearby.
Putting it All Together
• When I arrived at his house, the dog,
who belonged to my friend Brandon,
barked at me, and I smiled and pet it;
however, I was not prepared for how
sticky his spit was when he started
licking my face!
Now you try!
• Create a sentence that contains at least
three of the following:
–
–
–
–
–
–
An independent clause
A dependent clause
A relative clause
A semicolon
A conjunctive adverb
A comma and a coordinating conjunction