Transcript the PowerPoint Slides Here

Effective Use of
Rewards & Sanctions
Douglas B. Marlowe, J.D., Ph.D.
Treatment Research Institute at the
University of Pennsylvania
© Dr. Douglas Marlowe, March 8, 2011
The following presentation may not be copied in whole or in part without the written permission of
the author or the National Drug Court Institute. Written permission will generally be given without
cost, upon request.
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Basic Terminology
SANCTION
GIVE
TAKE
REWARD
Punishment
Positive
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Response Cost
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Certainty
• FR-1 schedule for initiation
• Reliable detection
• Second chances
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Celerity
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Celerity
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Celerity
• Effects degrade exponentially
• Interference from new behaviors
• Status hearings
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Magnitude
EFFECTIVENESS
Habituation
Effective
Zone
Effects
MINIMAL
Ceiling
Effects
MODERATE
SEVERE
MAGNITUDE OF SANCTION
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Escalation
• Rehearsal
• Intermediate responses
• Ratchet up or down
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Fairness
• Proportionality
• Like people in like circumstances
• Procedural justice
• Advance notice
• Punish the act, not the individual
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Quitting & Defiance
• Unfairness
• Learned Helplessness
– Predictability
– Controllability
• Ratio Burden
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Target Behaviors
• Proximal vs. distal (shaping)
• Phase-specific
• Capture the behavior
• Clearly defined
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Proximal vs. Distal Goals
Drug Dependence or Addiction
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Proximal vs. Distal Goals
Drug Dependence or Addiction
1.
2.
3.
Binge pattern
Cravings or compulsions
Withdrawal symptoms
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Proximal vs. Distal Goals
Drug Dependence or Addiction
1.
2.
3.
Binge pattern
Cravings or compulsions
Withdrawal symptoms
}
Abstinence is a distal goal
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Proximal vs. Distal Goals
Drug Dependence or Addiction
1.
2.
3.
Binge pattern
Cravings or compulsions
Withdrawal symptoms
}
Abstinence is a distal goal
Drug Abuse or Misuse
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Proximal vs. Distal Goals
Drug Dependence or Addiction
1.
2.
3.
Binge pattern
Cravings or compulsions
Withdrawal symptoms
}
Drug Abuse or Misuse
}
Abstinence is a distal goal
Abstinence is a proximal goal
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Proximal vs. Distal Goals
Drug Dependence or Addiction
1.
2.
3.
Binge pattern
Cravings or compulsions
Withdrawal symptoms
}
Drug Abuse or Misuse
}
Abstinence is a distal goal
Abstinence is a proximal goal
Collateral needs
–
–
–
Dual diagnosis
Chronic medical condition (e.g., HIV+, HCV, diabetes)
Homelessness, chronic unemployment
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Proximal vs. Distal Goals
Drug Dependence or Addiction
1.
2.
3.
Binge pattern
Cravings or compulsions
Withdrawal symptoms
}
Drug Abuse or Misuse
Collateral needs
–
–
–
}
}
Abstinence is a distal goal
Abstinence is a proximal goal
Regimen compliance is proximal
Dual diagnosis
Chronic medical condition (e.g., HIV+, HCV, diabetes)
Homelessness, chronic unemployment
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Pitfalls of Sanctions
• Escape or avoidance
• Overgeneralization
• Superstition
• Doesn’t teach what to do
• FR forever (no thinning)
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Pitfalls of the Carrot
• Coddling
• Complacency
• Entitlement
• May reduce intrinsic motivation
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Certainty and celerity
Beware individualism
Higher magnitude for proximal behaviors
Lower magnitude for distal behaviors
Predictable and attainable goals
Reward desired
behaviors
Expect more
over time
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Readings
Burdon WM et al (2001). Drug courts and contingency management.
Journal of Drug Issues, 31, 73-90.
Harrell A & Roman J (2001). Reducing drug use and crime among
offenders: The impact of graduated sanctions. Journal of Drug Issues,
31, 207-232.
Marlowe DB (2007). Strategies for administering rewards and sanctions.
In JE Lessenger & GF Roper (Eds.), Drug courts: A new approach to
treatment and rehabilitation (pp. 317-336). New York: Springer.
Marlowe DB (2008). Application of sanctions. In Drug Court Quality
Improvement Monograph. Alexandria, VA: NDCI.
Marlowe DB & Wong CJ (2008). Contingency management in adult
criminal drug courts (pp. 334-354). In ST Higgins, K Silverman & SH
Heil (Eds.), Contingency management in substance abuse treatment.
New York: Guilford.
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• This project was supported by Grant No. 2009DD-BX-K003 awarded by the Bureau of Justice
Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a
component of the Office of Justice Programs,
which also includes the Bureau of Justice
Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime.
Points of view or opinions in this document are
those of the author and do not represent the
official position or policies of the United States
Department of Justice.