U.S. History Review Beginnings to 1880

The Beginnings

The 13 British Colonies

The Revolutionary War

• http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/48states.html

Slavery in America

Slavery in America

Slavery in America

Civil War

Civil War

Civil War

NORTH or UNION or FEDS or BLUE VS.

SOUTH or CONFEDERACY or REBS or GRAY

Civil War

“In 1776 the American people had brought forth upon this continent a new nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. This nation shall now have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.” President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address

Civil War

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Reconstruction

Reconstruction

Reconstruction

U.S. History Unit 1: America Expands and Progresses 1880-1925

THE BIG IDEA America grew as it pushed westward, by expanding its borders, economy, and reform movements but also conflicting with Native Americans.

I.

The Movement West Begins A. 1803 - The Louisiana Purchase 1. Lewis and Clark explore the new territory 2. Native Americans are “in the way” 3. 1830 - The Indian Removal Act a) Some Indians were forced to move to “Indian Territory.” B. Manifest Destiny 1. the belief that America’s borders should stretch from ocean to ocean C. 1849 - The Gold Rush to California

II .The Transcontinental Railroad A. Railroads Before the Civil War 1. efficient way to transport supplies/people 2. stopped at the Missouri River B. 1862 – Transcontinental Railroad Project Begins 1. Two companies would build the railroad a) Union Pacific (UP) – building West b) Central Pacific (CP) – building East. 2. Railroad Workers a) UP --mostly Irish immigrants b) CP -- mostly Chinese immigrants 3. 1869 – Two sides meet in Promentary Point, Utah

III. Settlers Move West A.U.S. Gov’t Encourages Expansion 1.Homestead Act of 1862 a) offered 160 acres of gov’t land for $10 b) after living on the land for 5 years, the settlers could claim ownership 2.By 1900, 80 million acres were bought by settlers B. Settlers could enjoy gold, farming and ranching opportunities, and “the free, frontier life”

New Settlers view of the land:

“To open the greatest number of mines and extract the greatest quantity of ore, to scatter cattle over a thousand hills, to turn the flowering prairies into wheatfields, to force from nature the most she can be made to yield . . .is preached by Western newspapers as a kind of religion.” - James Bryce after visiting the American West

Native American view of the land:

“The ground says, The Great Spirit has placed me here to produce all that grows on me, trees and fruit. The same way the ground says, It was from me man was made. The Great Spirit, in placing men on the earth, desired them to take good care of the ground and to do each other no harm.”

--Young Chief of the Cayuse Tribe

Homestake Gold Mine, Lead, SD

MOUNT RUSHMORE

IV. Conflict with the Native Americans (NA’s) A.

1865 -- the West swarmed with new settlers 1. New settlers felt justified in taking land 2. white ways could produce more food, wealth B. Battles ensued 1. 1876 - U.S. gov’t forcibly took land from the Apache, Navajo, and Cheyenne 2. Surviving NA’s were placed on reservations

Minnesota’s Current American Indian Reservations

C. Gold Discovered in Black Hills, SD 1.Black Hills Sioux were hostile to gold miners 2.Fort Laramie Treaty a) NA’s wouldn’t harass gold miners b)gold miners wouldn’t live in BHills c)miners started settling in BHills anyway

D. 1876 -- The Battle of Little Big Horn 1. U.S. Gov’t - upset w/ Sioux hostility to settlers 2. The Sioux of SD + Montana led by Chief Sitting Bull vs. Gen. George Custer and U.S. Army 3. Custer and all his men are killed = “Custer’s Last Stand” 4. one of very few NA victories

E. 1890 -- The Massacre at Wounded Knee 1. over 200 unarmed Sioux are killed near Wounded Knee creek in SD 2. U.S. soldiers force Sioux onto BHills reservation – Pine Ridge 3. Considered to be the last of the prairie NA battles F. 1973 – AIM “American Indian Movement” Rally at Wounded Knee in SD 1. Protest turned violent, killing 2 protesters

V. Late 1800’s -- Advances in Transportation and Communication A. Transportation 1. 1830 Streetcars 2. 1893 Automobiles – “horseless carriages” 3. 1897 Subways – Boston 4. 1903 Airplanes – Wright Bros.

B. Communication 1. 1837 Telegraph – Samuel Morse 2. 1867 Typewriter – Chris L. Sholes 1867 3. 1876 Telephone – Alexander G. Bell C. 1847-1931 Thomas Edison 1. Electric lightbulb 2. Over 1,000 U.S. Patents

VI. The Rise of Big Business A. Capitalism – America’s economic system 1. competition brings both success and failure 2. worker motivation is high 3. Social Darwinism – the belief in natural selection “survival of the fittest” 4. laissez-faire – no gov’t intervention into the economy B. Tycoons emerge 1. John D. Rockefeller – controlled 90% of oil industry 2. Andrew Carnegie – dominated the steel industry 3. monopolies and trusts become problematic 4. philanthropy –using wealth to give back to society

Rockefeller Carnegie

VII. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire A. Women’s blouse factory in NY 1. 500+ young women employees, many immigrants a) worked long hours- 6 days/week 2. fire erupted on 8 th floor 3. many exit doors locked 4. almost 150 died B. The impact 1. shows the dark-side of capitalism 2. became a turning point for improving working conditions

THE TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FACTORY FIRE

VIII. Labor Unions Develop A. Industrial working conditions = “Sweatshops” 1) labor made up of mostly immigrants and children 2) 10 hrs a day, 6 days a week B. “Labor Unions” develop = Workers unite for improvements 1) Collective bargaining 2) Strikes, walkouts

IX. The Progressive Era A. Progressives were concerned with: 1. capitalism – too harsh, too unfair a) 1890 – 10% of pop held 75% of wealth 2. unemployment, working conditions B. Progressives believed: gov’t was the answer!

1. Gov’t must play a larger role in: a) protecting people from harsh realities of capitalism 2. “Muckrakers” – Progressives’ name for journalists who “raked up” abuses or problems in America a) “The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair – “raked up” meat packing plants b) yellow journalism – sensationalized news

Excerpt from The Jungle by Upton Sinclair There was no heat upon the killing-floor. The men might as well have worked out of doors all winter. For that matter, there was very little heat anywhere in the building…..On the killing-floor you might easily freeze. You were apt to be covered with blood, and it would freeze solid; if you leaned against a pillar you would freeze to that, and if you put your hand upon the blade of your knife, you would run a chance of leaving your skin on it. The men would tie up their feet in newspapers and old sacks, and these would be soaked in blood and frozen, and then soaked again, and so on until by night time a man would be walking on great lumps the size of feet of an elephant. Now and then, when the bosses were not looking, you would see them plunging their feet and ankles into the steaming hot carcass of the steer, or darting across the room to the hot-water jets. The cruelest thing of all was that nearly all of them —all of those who used knives—were unable to wear gloves, and their arms would be white with frost and their hands would grow numb, and then of course there would be accidents. Also the air would be full of steam, from the hot water and the hot blood, so that you could not see five feet before you; then, with men rushing about at the speed they kept up on the killing-floor, and all with butcherknives, like razors, in their hands —well, it was to be counted as a wonder that there were not more men slaughtered than cattle.

X. Progressive Era Amendments 1. 17th A – direct election of senators 2. 18th A – Prohibition of alcohol lasted from 1919 to 1933 3. 19 th A – Women’s Suffrage 1920

“The so-called woman movement is an attempt to escape the function of a woman. It is an escape from the fact that a woman is not a man. It is a rising against nature. It is a revolt against God.”

- Dr. Cyrus Brady from a sermon given on Oct. 17, 1915

“These things that women want to do and be and have are not in any sense masculine. They do not belong to men. They never did.” - Charlotte Perkins Gilman

XI. Immigration Increases early 1900’s A. Old Immigrants before 1880 1. from N or W Europe 2. Push-Pull Factors 3. Nativists – Americans opposed to immigration B. New Immigrants b/t 1880-1910 1. from S or E Europe 2. 1892 Ellis Island a) immigration station in NY b) 112 million immigrants passed through in 62 years c) health checks d) 50% of all Americans today come from an Ellis Island immigrant