Chapter 23 WORLD WAR II

The Coming of War 1931-1942

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What events caused World War II, and how did the United States become involved?

Standards

 SSUSH19  The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal government.

 SSUSH19.a  Explain A. Philip Randolph's proposed march on Washington, D.C. and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's response.  SSUSH19.b

 Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the internment of Japanese-Americans.

Dictators and Wars Section 1

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Why did totalitarian states rise after World War I, and what did they do?

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Vocabulary: -totalitarianism -Spanish Civil War appeasement Joseph Stalin -Benito Mussolini -Adolf Hitler -antisemitic Anschluss Munich Pact

Dictators and Wars A Bitter Peace Unravels

Main Idea: After World War I, extreme dictatorships known as totalitarian states rose up in many European countries.

Repression in the Soviet Union and Italy

Main Idea: Joseph Stalin rose to power in the Soviet Union and Benito Mussolini took control of Italy. Both used repression to exert control over their country.

Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan

Main Idea: The depression helped Hitler rise to power in Germany and led to Japan attempting to expand their empire with aggressive military action.

Dictators Turn to Aggression

Main Idea: The League of Nations was not able to stop rising aggression in Europe and Asia, therefore, Germany, Italy, and Japan’s aggressive acts continued throughout the 1930s.

Aggression Goes Unchecked

Main Idea:

The United States and other democratic nations tried to grant some concessions

to totalitarian nations in order to prevent another war.

Definitions

 Alliance – union or association of nations that is set up to further the common interests of its members  Appeasement – policy of giving in to the demands of a hostile power to avoid conflict and maintain peace  Democracy – government’s power and authority rest with the people. People express their power through voting  Fascism – political philosophy that calls for the glorification of the nation above the individual – includes the use of force against opposition  Propaganda – media that supports the spread of ideas for the purpose of helping or damaging a cause  Totalitarianism – government that has total control of society. Power rest in the hands of a few people

CHART Characteristics of a Totalitarian State

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Germany Faces Economic Collapse

A Troubled Germany

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Treaty of Versailles

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Economic unrest

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Political Instability

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Weimar Republic

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US Response

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Isolationism

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War Debt Repayment

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Dawes Plan

Rise of Adolf Hitler

 Hitler’s Early Years  Hitler and the Nazi Party   Beer Hall Putsch

Mein Kampf

 Aryan Race  Hitler Becomes Dictator  Anti-Semitic Policies  Nuremburg Laws 1935 

Kristallnacht

– Night of the Broken Glass  Hitler’s Policies  US Response  Focus on domestic concerns  Security through disarmament

Germany

   

Hitler, “Der Fuhrer”

– a discontented Austrian painter who joined the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, became its head,, went to jail, wrote a book, and then won a following who made him their leader

Mein Kampf

– “My Struggle” – Hitler’s best-selling first volume of his autobiography which outlines Nazi philosophy and plans for the nation

Rhineland

– region in western Germany along the border of France and Belgium that had been closed to German military after WWI. Hitler invades, we appease him in 1936.

Sudetenland

– region of eastern Czechoslovakia with a large German population, given to Germany as part of an appeasement deal in 1938.

German words to know…

    Reichstag – German Parliament, makes Hitler a dictator Luftwaffe – German version of the Air Force Sitzkreig – sit down war – sitting still and waiting while the enemy makes battle plans and masses troops Blitzkreig – lightening war – used tanks, artillery, and soldiers on foot to move rapidly into enemy territory before the enemy has time to react   Einsatzgruppen – German paramilitary forces, often called the SS.

Lebensraum – living space – what the Germans claimed they needed, why they are expanding…

Hitler Describes the Jews

 'The struggle between the people and the hatred amongst them is being nurtured by very specific interested parties. It is a small, rootless, international clique that is turning the people against each other, that does not want them to have peace ... It is the people who are at home both nowhere and everywhere, who do not have anywhere a soil on which they have grown up, but who live in Berlin today, in Brussels tomorrow, Paris the day after that, and then again in Prague or Vienna or London, and who feel at home everywhere. [Man in audience shouts 'The Jews!'] They are the only ones who can be addressed as international, because they conduct their business everywhere, but the people cannot follow them.'

Fascism in Italy

 Turmoil  Same as rest of the world   Cheated by the Treaty of Versailles Depression  Mussolini and Fascism  Why would Fascism appeal to anyone?

   Order and control during chaos Promise to revive the Roman Empire Private Property  Rise to Power  Italian Imperialism  US Response   Neutrality Acts Moral Embargo

ITALY

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Mussolini, “Il Duce”

– WWI vet who organized Fascist groups. When he threatened to march on Rome, the king panicked and made him Prime Minister.

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Black Shirts

– Il Duce’s Fascist thugs who “controlled the opposition”,  “The Country is nothing without Conquest.” 

Ethiopia

– March 1936 – Il Duce’s first conquest

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Spanish Civil War

Spanish Civil War   Francisco Franco and the Nationalist Party Hitler and Muss helped out  Rome-Berlin Axis  Military Alliance  US Response  Neutrality is tested

Rise of Militarism in Japan

 Militarism in Japan  Depression and second rate reputation led to Military Leaders gaining power  Japanese Imperialism  Attacked Manchuria 1931  Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis  Shanghai 1937  US Response  Words w/o Deeds  Quarantine Speech

JAPAN

     Unhappiness with their position in the world of the 1920s, Japan expanded to fill their need for raw materials and markets and land for their growing population. 1931 – Japan seizes Manchuria, and its conquest of Asia begins.

Hideki Tojo

after 1941. – Minister of War for Japan, leader of military

Kamikaze

– suicide airplanes used as strategic bombs to take out ships in the pacific.

1940 – Japan controls most of Eastern China. Signs neutrality agreement with Soviet Union as well!

The Rape of Nanking

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Totalitarian

– governments that control every aspect of citizens’ lives 

Fascism

– political philosophy that places the nation in a place of greatest importance, even over the individual 

Tripartite Pact

– neutrality pact and alliance between the Axis powers, signed September 1940.

TRANSPARENCY Reading Skill: Summarize

Violation and Appeasement

 Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles  Reoccupies the Rhineland on the French Border  The Sudetenland  3 million Germans lived in the West Border of Czechoslovakia  The Munich Agreement  Appeasement of Hitler  US Response  Negotiation and appeasement

Invasion of Czechoslovakia

 Hitler Invades  Goes against Munich promise  Made demands of Poland  Wanted Danzig and Polish Corridor  Nazi-Soviet Pact  Non-aggression pact of Hitler and Stalin  Secret plan to divide Poland  Plan to Invade Poland  US Response   Pressing for Peace Planning for War

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

TRANSPARENCY Political Cartoons: The Nazi Party

PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency

From Isolation to Involvement Section 2

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How did Americans react to events in Europe and Asia in the early years of World War II?

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Vocabulary: -Neutrality Act of 1939 blitzkrieg -Axis Powers Tripartite Pact -Allies -Winston Churchill Lend-Lease Act Atlantic Charter

From Isolation to Involvement Roosevelt Opposes Aggression

Main Idea: Roosevelt was against the aggression occurring in Europe and Asia, but did not take direct action against the totalitarian countries.

War Erupts in Europe

Main Idea: When Germany invaded Poland, war broke out and eventually expanded across Europe.

Americans Debate Involvement

Main Idea: Early on, most Americans were against getting involved in the war, but slowly began supporting Britain

America Takes Steps Toward War

Main Idea: The United States began providing open support to Britain, and received an aggressive response from Germany.

Continued…

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Sequence

World War II Begins

 Invasion of Poland September 1, 1939  Blitzkrieg  US RESPONSE  Neutrality Questioned  

Cash and Carry Plan

American Public Opinion

FDR’s Quarantine Speech

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“When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease.…War is a contagion, whether it be declared or undeclared. It can engulf states and peoples remote from the original scene of hostilities. We are determined to keep out of war, yet we cannot insure ourselves against the disastrous effects of war and the dangers of involvement.” President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine speech, October 5, 1937

Poland Falls to the Nazis

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Britain and France signed an alliance with Poland, guaranteeing aid if Hitler attacked

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Hitler signed a Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact with the Soviets on August 23, 1939 (agreed to divide Poland)

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September 1, 1939, war started with

blitzkrieg

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War entered an eight-month period of quiet known as the “phony war”

TRANSPARENCY German Blitzkrieg

FALL OF FRANCE

 French Maginot Line  Belgium Corridor  France Falls in 6 Weeks  British and French troops escape from Dunkirk

US Supports Great Britain

 Britain is Isolated  France goes down early  Britain was lone power with ability to stop AXIS 

Atlantic Charter

  Winston Churchill – New Prime Minister of Britain FDR and Churchill Met   Seek no territory Support self-rule  US Response  

Lend-Lease Act

– March 1941   Arsenal of Democracy Garden Hose Germany Attacks US Destroyers

Great Britain

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Winston Churchill

– PM of GB during the war.  “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” 

The Bombing of Great Britain

– Battle of Britain Hitler attempted to destroy GB’s will to fight back against German advances. (Remember the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe? That’s why the kids were sent from London to the country!)

Battle of Britain 1940

European Theater

Isolationists and Interventionists

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Isolationists wanted complete neutrality

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America First Committee criticized FDR’s pro -British policies

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Charles Lindbergh was a leader, who feared the Soviet Union and Japan

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Interventionists wanted to help Great Britain and the Allies in order to stay out of the war, but they believed that the U.S. should prepare for war

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Election of 1940 – FDR defeated Republican Wendell Willkie

ANALYZE Political Cartoons: The Only Way to Save Democracy

QUICK STUDY Should the United States Enter World War II?

United States

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FDR – the president.

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“We look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression--everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way- everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want . . . everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear . . . anywhere in the world.”

 Neutrality Act – fighting and not selling military stuff to countries who are fighting we will stay out of it both by not  American Pacific Fleet moved from California to Pearl Harbor. (bad decision!) 

Lend-Lease Act

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German U-boats attack American ships

 “The Great Arsenal of Democracy” – the idea that the US military’s assets are available for use for defense of democratic countries against foreign aggressors  December 7, 1941, “A day which will live in infamy.”

PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency

America Enters the War Section 3

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How did the United States react to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?

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Vocabulary: -Hideki Tojo -Pearl Harbor Douglas MacArthur Bataan Death March -WAC Battle of Coral Sea

America Enters the War Japan Attacks the United States

Main Idea: After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States officially entered the war.

Mobilizing for War

Main Idea: The attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of the war led to a wave of patriotism, and a large number of Americans volunteered for service or created goods needed.

Fierce Fighting in the Pacific

Main Idea: Early on, the Japanese seemed to have control of the fighting in the Pacific, but by 1942 the United States had won some ground.



A Date Which Will Live in Infamy

Japanese Aggression

  China, French Indochina, Dutch East Indies, British Malaya Japan needed Oil, Rubber, Food 

US Response

  Cancelled commercial treaty w/Japan Stopped exporting gasoline and scrap metal 

December 7, 1941

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US Response

 Declaration of War

Tojo

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack Pearl Harbor

  

General Hideki Tojo – minister in 1941 prime Send 6 aircraft carriers under Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo to end American naval and air presence in the Pacific Americans lost nearly 2500 killed, 8 battle ships damaged, 160 aircraft destroyed; aircraft carriers survived

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects

A Date Which Will Live in Infamy

Drawing found on a Val shot down during the attack. Translated, it says, "Hear! The voice of the moment of death. Wake up you fools."

The United States Goes to War

FDR

Chester Nimitz

TRANSPARENCY Women and the War Effort

Mobilizing for War

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16 million Americans served in the military

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Women’s Army Corps (WAC) 350,000 women

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War Production Board (WPB) oversaw conversion of industry to war materials

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Ford Motor Company built B-24 Liberator bombers

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Henry J. Kaiser’s shipyards produced “Liberty Ships”

GRAPH World War II Aircraft Production

Douglas MacArthur

Bataan Death March

US Strategy in the Pacific

 Pearl Harbor Launched the Pacific War  American stronghold in the Philippines was lost  MacArthur – “I shall return”  Bataan Death March 

Island Hopping Campaign

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Doolittle (Tokyo) Raids

 Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle

Doolittle Raid 1942

NOTE TAKING Reading Skill: Sequence

TRANSPARENCY The Battle of Midway