Transcript Chapter 16
Chapter 16 First Aid
Bell Work •What occurs when the body is over exposed to heat?
•First Aid treatment for Hypothermia •Signs and Symptoms of a sprain © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
16:7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure
• Overexposure to heat may cause a chemical imbalance in the body • Occurs when water and salt are lost through perspiration • Also occurs when body cannot eliminate excess heat © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Heat Cramps
• Muscle pains and spasms • Caused by exposure to heat • Loss of water and salt • Apply firm pressure on cramped muscle to provide relief • Provide rest and move to cooler area • Small sips of water or electrolyte solution (e.g., sports drink) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Heat Exhaustion
• Occurs when exposed to heat with loss of fluids through sweating • Signs and symptoms – Pale clammy skin – Diaphoresis – Fatigue – Dilated pupils and HA – Muscle Cramps • First aid care © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Heat Exhaustion First Aid
• Move to cooler area • Apply cool wet clothes • Lie victim down with feet elevated • Give small sips of water • Get help and watch for shock © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Heat Stroke
• Prolonged exposure to higher than normal temperatures • Medical emergency—needs immediate care and attention • Body unable to eliminate excess heat • Signs and symptoms – ↑ Body Temp – Red, hot and dry skin – Rapid pulse – Pupils constricted © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Heat Stroke First Aid
• Cool victim quickly • Sponge or place in tub of cool water or alcohol • Watch for shock • Give nothing by mouth • Get help © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
In Conclusion…
• Warn victim to avoid warm or hot temperatures for several days after recovering from heat exposure condition • Encourage recovered victim to drink sufficient amounts of water and to have an adequate intake of salt © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
16:8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure
• Exposure to cold temperatures can cause body tissues to freeze and body processes to slow down • Needs immediate attention • Degree of injury affected by wind velocity, amount of humidity, and length of exposure to cold © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hypothermia
• When body temperature is less than 95ºF (35ºC) • Caused by prolonged exposure to cold • Signs and symptoms – Shivering, numbness, weakness or drowsiness • Death can occur if body processes become too slowed down © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hypothermia First Aid
• Move to warm area • Remove wet clothes • Warm victim slowly by blanket or bath • Give warming liquids by mouth (no caffeine) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
What is the condition?
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Frostbite
• Freezing of tissue fluids with damage to the skin and underlying tissues • Caused by exposure to freezing or below-freezing temperatures • Early signs and symptoms – Redness and tingling • Other signs and symptoms as frostbite progresses – Pale, glossy skin, Blisters possible, numbness and pain, lethargic (
continues
) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Frostbite
• Objectives of first aid – Maintain respirations – Treat for shock – Warm affected parts • Common sites: fingers, toes, ears, nose, cheeks • First aid care • Assess for signs and symptoms of shock and treat as needed © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Frostbite First Aid Care
• Warm affected parts • Never rub or massage area because this may cause gangrene or death of the tissue • Avoid opening or breaking any blisters • Place dry sterile dressing between affected toes or fingers to prevent them from rubbing and causing further injury.
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
16:9 Providing First Aid for Bone and Joint Injuries
• Frequently occur during accidents or falls with variety of injuries • Examples: fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains • May have more than one type of injury to bones and joints at the same time © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Fracture
• Break in the bone • Closed or simple fracture – No open wound on the skin • Compound or open fracture – Open wound on the skin • Objectives of first aid © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Fracture Signs and symptoms
• Deformities • Limited motion • Pain and tenderness • Swelling and discoloration • Protrusion • Hearing the break or snap • Victim feels a grating sensation of abnormal movement © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Fracture Objectives of first aid
• Maintain respirations • Treat for shock • Keep the broken bone from moving • Get Help © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Dislocation
• When the end of the bone is displaced from a joint or moved out of its normal position within a joint • Tearing or stretching of ligaments, muscles, and other soft tissues also frequently occurs • First aid care © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Dislocation
• Signs and symptoms – Deformities – Limited motion – Pain and tenderness – Swelling and discoloration – Shortening or lengthening of affected arm or leg • First aid care -Same as a fracture © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Sprain-Ligaments
• Injury to tissues surrounding a joint • Common sites: ankles and wrists • Signs and symptoms • Sprains frequently resemble fractures or dislocations—treat as fracture if any doubt • First aid care – PRICE © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Strain-Tendons
• Overstretching of a muscle • Caused by overexertion or by lifting • Frequent site: back • Signs and symptoms • First aid treatment – PRICE © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Splints
• Devices to immobilize injured parts • Types of splints – Pneumatic or air splints – Padded boards – Traction splints • Splints can also be made from cardboard, newspapers, pillows, boards, etc.
(
continues
) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Splints
• Need to be long enough to immobilize the joint above and below the injured area to prevent movement • Should be padded • Tied in place • Apply as not to create pressure on affected area • If open wound, control bleeding before applying splint (
continues
) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Splints
• Never attempt to reposition bone • Splint before moving victim • Observe precautions when using pneumatic splints • Traction splints – Use only if have been trained © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Circulation Check After Splint
• Verify that the splints are not too tight • Check skin temperature • Check color • Note swelling or edema • Numbness or tingling • Check pulse • If circulation impaired, immediately loosen the ties © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Slings
• Commercial slings • Triangular bandages • Use: support arm, hand, forearm, and shoulder • Positioning of sling – Elevate if possible to reduce swelling and decrease pain • Check circulation • Limit movement of limb (
continues
) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Slings
(
continued
) • If using knots – Placement – Padding • Considerations for shoulder injury © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning