A Measure of Equity

Women’s Progress, Power, and Priorities Caryn McTighe Musil The Association of American Colleges and Universities CCAS Conference – New Orleans Gender Issues Breakfast November 13, 2010

Three areas deans should consider as priorities

 Who is coming to college?

 What are women students majoring in?

 How are women faculty faring?

First Priority

 WHO IS COMING TO COLLEGE  WHO IS MISSING?

First Priority WHO’S COMING TO COLLEGE, WHO IS MISSING, AND WHY DOES IT MATTER?

WHERE RACE, GENDER, AND SOCIOECONOMICS CONVERGE

Who is Completing High School*?

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

High School Completion, 2005

14.1

11.1954

79.4% 13.8

11.592

86.5% % U.S. Population H.S. Completion Men Women

Ages 18-24

*H.S. Completion refers to the earning of a H.S. diploma or its equivalent Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Report; American Council on Education,

Minorities in Higher Education 22 nd Annual Status Report: 2007 Supplement

Who is Completing H.S., by Race and Ethnicity*?

Percentage H.S. Completion by Gender and Race or Ethnicity, 2005

100 80 60 40 20 0 85.6

90.1

73.5

84.4

60 72.7

Men Wom en White African Am erican Hispanic *Comparable data for Asian American students not available Source: American Council on Education,

Minorities in Higher Education 22 nd Annual Status Report: 2007 Supplement

Who Is Transitioning to College?

Percentage H.S. Completers Transitioning to College, 2005

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 46.1

51.2

38 44 34.4

40.6

Men Wom en White African Am erican Hispanic *Comparable data for Asian American students not available Source: American Council on Education,

Minorities in Higher Education 22 nd Annual Status Report: 2007 Supplement

The Socioeconomic Gap

 It trumps race, gender, and ethnicity  High school completion rates for students whose family incomes were below $38,660=68%  High school completion rates for students whose family incomes were above $105,800=92%  That is a 24% gap

Is There a Boys’ Crisis?

Are Women’s Gains Affecting Men’s Enrollment?

Undergraduate Enrollment by Gender, 1970-2005

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5 3.5

6.2

5.9

7.9

6.7

10 7.5

Men Women 1970 1980

Year

1995 2005 Men’s rates of postsecondary degree attainment from associate’s degrees through doctoral degrees are higher than they have been since the early 1970s, and men still earn the majority of U.S. doctorates.

Source: National Center for Education Statistics,

Digest of Education Statistics 2006

and

2007

Which Men are Struggling?

Percentage H.S. Completers Transitioning to College, 2005

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 46.1

51.2

38 44 34.4

40.6

Men Wom en White African Am erican Hispanic *Comparable data for Asian American students not available Source: American Council on Education,

Minorities in Higher Education 22 nd Annual Status Report: 2007 Supplement

Which Men are Completing College?

20 15 10 5 0

Percentage of Population 18 and Older with Bachelor's Degree, 2007

17 15 10 12 Men Women African American Hispanic In 2007, 27 percent of white men and women ages 18 and over held at least a bachelor’s degree. (At upper income levels, the gender gap does not exist.) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007

Are Other Notable Changes in Enrollment Occurring?

In 2005, 4.2 million women attending college were age 25 or older, representing an increase of 18 percent in the last ten years.

Source: National Center for Education Statistics,

Digest of Education Statistics 2006

and

2007

Second Priority WHAT ARE WOMEN MAJORING IN AND WITH WHAT CONSEQUENCES?

Where Are Women Earning Degrees?

Percentage of Degrees Earned by Women, 2005-06

65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 62 58 60 49 A ss oc ia te B ac ca la ur ea te M as te r's P ro fe ss io na l D oc to Sources: National Center for Education Statistics

Digest of Education Statistics 2007

and NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA

Survey of Earned Doctorates 2006

ra te 45

In What Fields are Women Earning Degrees?

Percentage of Degrees Earned by Women, by Field, 2004-05 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 H ea lth p ro fe ss io ns a nd re la te d cl in ic C al s om ci m en En un ce gl ic s Ed is at h io uc la n, at ng jo io Ps ua ur n yc ge na ho /li lis Bi lo te m ol gy ra , a og tu nd ic re re al /le a tte la nd te rs b d io pr m Vi og ed su ra al ic m al a s s nd So ci p ci en er al ce fo s s rm cie in nc M g es at ar a he ts nd m at h ic is s Ph to an ys ry d Ag ic al st ric s at ul is cie tu tic re nc s Bu /n es si at a ne ur nd al s C En ss re ci en om gi so pu ne ur ce er te ce te in r/i g s ch nf or an no d m lo at en gi io gi es n ne sc er ie in nc g es te ch no lo gi es Source: National Center for Education Statistics

Condition of Education 2007

Bachelor's Master's Doctoral

What you major in affects lifetime earnings

“After graduation, gender segregation in college major choice is reflected in gender segregation the workforce, with significant economic consequences for women.” Andresse St. Rose

OCWW

issue on gender pay gap

What’s the big deal?

 One year after entering the workforce, women make 80% of what their male peers earn. The figure drops to 69% after ten years.

Dey and Hill, 2007  A female college graduate will lose 1.2 million dollars over the course of her working life as a result of the gender wage gap. The figure jumps to 2 million for professional school graduates.

But Women Have Made Progress in the STEM fields…Right?

Agricultural Sciences

Percent Female, Bachelor's Degrees, by Year and STEM Field

Biological Sciences 100 80 60 40 20 0 Computer Sciences Earth, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences Mathematics and Statistics Physical Sciences 19 96 19 97 19 98 20 00 20 01 20 02

Year

20 03 20 04 20 05 Psychology Social Sciences Source: National Science Foundation,

Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering

. 2006.

Engineering

Third Priority WHAT ARE THE FRONT BURNER ISSUES FOR WOMEN FACULTY?

My Top Choices

 Advancement to tenure and promotion within ranks  Salary equity with their comparable male colleagues  Institutional support to off-set the current impossible task of balancing work and family obligations

Women Faculty

 Who are the women?

 Where are they located?

 How are women faring?

Race and Ethnicity of Women Faculty Breakdown of Race/Ethnicity of Women Faculty

17.4% White Women Women of color 78.1% Source: Source: National Center for Education Statistics Digest of Education Statistics: 2006

FACULTY: Tenured Women Faculty by Institution Type

50 40 30 20 47 Percentage of Tenured Faculty by Institution Type 37 35 Percentage of Tenured Faculty by Institution Type 26

Women constituted less than a third (31%) of all tenured positions in 2005-2006

Source: AAUP. 2007. “Faculty Gender Equity Indicators”

AAUP Gender Equity Indicators

 Employment status (full time vs. part time)  Tenure track options  Academic rank  Salary Source: AAUP. 2007. “Faculty Gender Equity Indicators”

Full-time Faculty in Degree-Granting Institutions

400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0

Full-Time Faculty in Degree-Granting Institutions

126788 84783 86182 46481 12976 Men 42404 53661 73507 52074 14239 Women Professor Associate Assistant Instructor Lecturer Source: Source: National Center for Education Statistics Digest of Education Statistics: 2006

Employment Status

 Women account for 39% of full-time faculty  The proportion of full-time faculty appointments are declining  The proportion of part-time, contingent appointments is increasing – Women account for a disproportionate number of these appointments Source: AAUP. 2007. “Faculty Gender Equity Indicators”

Average Salary for Women vs. Men

 The average salary for women faculty was 81% of the amount earned by men  This comparison has remained steady since the 1970’s Source: AAUP. 2007. “Faculty Gender Equity Indicators”

The Effect of Babies

What is the Relationship Between Family Life and Academic Career?

20 10 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

Family Status 12 Years After the Doctorate

85 74 55 63 Children Married Men Women Sources: Mary Ann Mason and Marc Goulden. 2004. Do babies matter? (Part II): Closing the baby gap.

Family and Marital Status of Women CEOs

100 80 60 40 20 0 63 89

Family and Marital Status

91 68 Married Children 14 4 10 3 Divorced Never married Wom en Men Source: American Council on Education. “The American College President”

FAMILY PROFILE OF COLLEGE PRESIDENTS

– Among presidents: 68% of women CEOs have children vs. 91% of men – That is a 23% differential.

What obstructs the advancement of women faculty?

 When women marry  When women have babies  When women come up for promotion Source: Mary Ann Mason and Mark Goulden, “Do Babies Matter? The Effect of Family Formation on the Lifelong Careers of Academic Men and Women.

Academe

88(6):21-27

So What Can You and Your Institution Do About Any of This?

 Turn to the person beside you and name your single most effective strategy now in place to address any one of these three priorities about students, choice of majors, or advancing women faculty.

 Then name one intervention you think your institutions

should

invest in —with your help as a key leader.

Jane Addams

"The good we secure for ourselves is precarious and uncertain until it is secured for all of us and incorporated into our common life."