Transcript OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS

OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH HAZARDS
BOSH Training 2009
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PHYSICAL
HAZARD
ERGONOMIC
HAZARD
CHEMICAL
HAZARD
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
BOSH Training 2009
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OBJECTIVES:

Discuss and explain common hazards in the
workplace and their effects to workers’
health.
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Recommend appropriate measures to
prevent occupational and work-related
illnesses.
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
( ILO/WHO )
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Promote and maintain the highest degree of physical,
mental & social well-being of workers of all occupations
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Prevent workers from departures due to health caused
by their working conditions
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Protect workers in their working environment from
hazards and risks usually causing adverse health effects
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Place & maintain a worker in an occupational
environment adapted to his/her physiological ability
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HAZARD AND RISK
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HAZARD
- any source of
potential damage,
harm or adverse
health effects on
something or
someone under
certain conditions at
work.
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RISK
- the chance or
probability that a
person will be
harmed or
experience an
adverse health
effect if exposed to
a hazard.
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CHEMICAL HAZARDS
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Chemical Hazards
Routes of entry into the body
Inhalation
Skin Contact
Ingestion
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Chemical Hazards
Routes of excretion
Gastro-intestinal
(feces)
Renal (urine)
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Respiratory
(exhalation)
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Skin (sweat, hair, nails)
Chemical Hazards
Measures of concentration of toxic substances
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Threshold Limit Value (TLV)- average concentration
of an airborne substance to which most workers
could be safely exposed over an eight-hour working
day or forty-hour working week throughout a working
lifetime
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Maximal Allowable Concentration (MAC)- peak or
maximum concentration of an airborne to which
most workers could be safely exposed.
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Chemical Hazards
Classification of Toxic Effects
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Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact
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Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact,
may involve many organ systems
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Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately (hours/days)
after an exposure
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Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to
specific organ systems; occurs many months or years to
have recognizable clinical disease
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Chemical Hazards
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Health Effects
Renal Diseases
Respiratory Diseases
Skin Diseases
Hematologic Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
Neurologic Diseases
Carcinogenic
Teratogenic
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Chemical Hazards
Effects
Chemical Agent
Industry/Process
Renal Diseases:
acute/chronic renal
failure
Battery, chemical
Mercury, cadmium,
industries,
chloroform
pesticide
Respiratory Diseases:
Irritation, inflammation
Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries
Pneumoconiosis
Inorganic dust
Mining, construction,
sandblasting, coal
Cancer
Chromium
Plating, metal refining
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Chemical Hazards
Blood Diseases:
Anemia
Aplastic anemia
Skin Diseases:
Allergic/contact
dermatitis
Lead
Battery mfg., lead
smelting
Benzene
Solvent & soap mfg.
Plastic epoxides
Plastic, varnish
Acne
Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool
operators
Skin Cancer
Arsenic, tar
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Petroleum refinery
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Chemical Hazards
Liver Disease:
Acute liver toxicity
Liver cancer
Carbon
tetrachloride
Cleaning fluids, dry
cleaners
Vinyl chloride
Plastics & vinyl
chloride mfg.
Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypertension
Lead, Cadmium
Battery mfg. &
recycling
Atherosclerosis
Carbon disulfide
Degreasing, dry
cleaning
Arrythmias
Fluorocarbon,
trichloroethylene
Refrigeration, solvent
workers
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PHYSICAL HAZARDS
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Physical Hazards
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Noise
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Vibration
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Extreme Temperature
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Illumination
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Radiation
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Ear Anatomy
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NOISE
Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
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Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue)
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temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to
loud noise
recovery within 16-48 hrs
Permanent Threshold Shift
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irreversible loss of hearing
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NOISE
Early Signs of Hearing Loss
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Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a
noisy environment
Need to be near or look at the person
speaking to help understand words
Familiar sounds are muffled
Complaints that people do not speak clearly
Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)
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Other Harmful Effects of Noise
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Hypertension
Hyperacidity
Palpitations
Disturbs relaxation and sleep
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VIBRATION
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Physical factor which affects man by
transmission of mechanical energy from
oscillating sources
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Types
 Segmental vibration
 Whole body vibration
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Segmental Vibration:
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Health Effects:
— Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
— tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers
— pain
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Whole Body Vibration:
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Health effects:
 Fatigue
 Irritability
 Headache
 Disorders of the spine
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EXTREME TEMPERATURE
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Sources of heat stress:
Natural Conditions
 Hot work processes related to furnaces, kilns,
boilers and smelting
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Health Effects of Heat Stress
Disorders
Clinical features
Prickly Heat (Miliaria rubra) Pruritic rash
Heat cramps
Cramps in the body,
usually legs
Heat exhaustion
Dizziness, fainting attack,
blurring of vision, cold,
clammy and sweaty skin
Heat stroke
Cyanosis, muscle
twitchings, disorientation,
delirium, convulsions
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EXTREME TEMPERATURE
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Sources of Cold Environment:
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Ice plants and freezers in the food industry
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Health Effects of Cold Temperature
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Frostbite: reddening of skin,
localized burning pain and
numbness. Fingers, toes, cheeks,
nose, ears are most susceptible.
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trench foot or immersion foot:
numbness, pain, cramps,
ulceration and gangrene.
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Inadequate Illumination
Health Effects
 Visual Fatigue
 Double Vision
 Headaches
 Painful irritation
 Lacrimation
 Conjunctivitis
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RADIATION
Types
Sources
Health Effects
Ionizing
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cancer, congenital
defects, death
Non-ionizing
Ultraviolet
skin redness, premature
skin ageing, and skin
cancer
corneal and conjunctival
burns, retinal injury,
cataract
Skin and eye problem
Infrared
Laser
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BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
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BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
VIRUSES
FUNGI
PARASITES
BACTERIA
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Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations
Agent / Disease
Occupation
Colds, influenza, scarlet fever,
diphtheria, smallpox
May be contacted anywhere
Tuberculosis
Silica workers, people exposed
to heat and organic dusts, and
medical personnel
Anthrax
Animal handlers and handlers
of carcasses, skins, or hair of
infected animals, including wool
carpet processors and handlers.
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Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations
Agent / Disease
Occupation
Ringworm (in horses, cattle,
deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds)
Pet shop salesmen, stockmen,
breeders of cats and dogs, and
other animal handlers
Tetanus
Farmers (spores in soil) or
anyone in contact with manure.
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Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations
Agent / Disease
Occupation
Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats,
pigs, cats)
Veterinarians, letter carriers,
laboratory research workers,
agricultural workers.
Fungus
Farmers, outdoor workers,
animal handlers
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ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
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ERGONOMICS
Human Biological Science
+
Engineering Science
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MAXIMUM SATISFACTION AND
INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY
“ fitting the job to the worker”
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ERGONOMICS
the task
(job content &
context)
the
organization
the
environment
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the
tool
the
workstation
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ERGONOMICS
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Goal
 to reduce work-related musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs) developed by workers
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MSDs are injuries and illnesses that affect
muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments,
joints or spinal discs.
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ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs
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Painful joints
Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists,
forearms, shoulders, knees and feet
Shooting or stubbing pains
Swelling or inflammation
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ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs
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Fingers or toes turning white
Back or neck pain
Stiffness
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Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Static
posture
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Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Forceful exertion
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Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Repetitive movement
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Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Extreme range of motion
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Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Awkward posture
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ERGONOMICS
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STRESS
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STRESS
The harmful physical and emotional responses
that occurs when the requirements of the job
do not match the capabilities, resources or
needs of the worker.
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STRESS: Effects
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STRESS
Manifestations of Stress
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PSYCHOLOGICAL
Fatigue
Anxiety
Tension
Irritability
Depression
Boredom
Inability to
concentrate
Low esteem
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PHYSIOLOGICAL
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Indigestion
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BEHAVIORAL
Drug use
Alcohol intake
Heavy smoking
Impulsive emotional
behavior
Poor work & family
relationship
Social isolation
Family abandonment
Sleep problems
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OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH PROGRAMS
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Key Elements of the
Occupational Health Program
Health Protection
Health Promotion
Health Rehabilitation
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Health and Safety Programs
Hazards/
Disease
Chemical
Solvents
Physical
Noise
Source
Health Effect
Health Program
Paints,
Thinners
Irritant,
Multisystem
effects
Surveillance for chemical
exposure
Exposure monitoring
(Biologic Monitoring)
Woodwork
Operations
Hearing
Impairment
Hearing Conservation
Program
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Health and Safety Programs
Hazards/
Disease
Biologic
Tetanus
Ergonomic
Stresses
Cumulative
Trauma
Disorder
Source
Health Effect
Health Program
Dirty Nails, soil
Lockjaw, rigidity,
death
Immunization
Awkward
postures, Heavy
loads
Musculoskeletal
Disorders
Management or
personnel methods;
Workplace
modification
Worker education
and training;
Back Care Program
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Health Promotion
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Physical activity, Nutrition, Weight reduction
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Immunization
 OSHS, RULE 1960
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Smoking cessation
 RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
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HIV/AIDS
 RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act
of 1998
 National Workplace Policy on STD/HIV/AIDS initiated
by DOLE - 1997
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Thank you
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