Transcript CH0022 Pres
CHAPTER 30
The Vietnam War Years
Overview
SECTION 1 Moving Toward Conflict
SECTION 2 U.S. Involvement and Escalation
The End of the War and Its Legacy
Transparencies
CHAPTER 30
The Vietnam War Years
“Vietnam is still with us. . . We paid an exorbitant price for the decisions that were made.” Henry Kissinger, U.S. national security advisor under President Nixon HOME THEMES IN CHAPTER 30 Expanding Democracy Constitutional Concerns Civil Rights Cultural Diversity
CHAPTER 30
The Vietnam War Years
“Vietnam is still with us. . . We paid an exorbitant price for the decisions that were made.” Henry Kissinger, U.S. national security advisor under President Nixon HOME
What do you know?
• What do you already know about the Vietnam War, especially its causes and effects both in Vietnam and America?
Read the quote above and answer the following:
•
What might Kissinger have meant by an exorbitant price?
CHAPTER 30
Time Line
The United States
1955
U.S. begins providing economic aid to
1964 1965
South Vietnam.
Congress passes Tonkin Gulf Resolution.
First U.S. ground troops arrive in Vietnam.
U.S. troops quell uprising in Dominican Republic.
1968
The Vietcong launch the Tet offensive.
President Johnson announces he will
1969 1970
not seek reelection.
U.S. troops begin withdrawal from Vietnam.
Ohio National Guardsmen shoot and kill four students at Kent State University.
President Nixon orders an invasion of
1973
Cambodia.
U.S. signs cease-fire with North Vietnam and Vietcong, ending U.S. involvement in Vietnam War.
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CHAPTER 30
Time Line
The World
1954
Vietminh defeat French at Dien Bien Phu.
1957
The National Liberation Front, or Vietcong, forms in South Vietnam.
1962
The African nation of Uganda becomes independent.
1964
Palestine Liberation Organization forms in the Middle East.
1966
Mao Zedong begins Cultural Revolution in China.
1970
Salvador Allende, a Marxist, is elected president of Chile.
1972
Ferdinand Marcos declares martial law in the Philippines.
1975
Saigon falls; South Vietnam surrenders to the Communists.
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SECTION 1
Moving Toward Conflict
Learn About
the early measures the United States took to stop the spread of communism in Vietnam.
HOME To Understand
how America slowly became involved in a war in Vietnam.
SECTION 1
Moving Toward Conflict
Key Idea
America slowly involves itself in the war in Vietnam as it seeks to halt the spread of communism.
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SECTION 1
Moving Toward Conflict
Section 1 Assessment SUMMARIZING
What was the Vietnam policy for Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson?
President Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Vietnam Policy economic aid to France economic and military aid to South Vietnam economic and military aid to South Vietnam stepped-up U.S. military involvement HOME
SECTION 1
Moving Toward Conflict
Section 1 Assessment ANALYZING EFFECTS
Why do you think the Geneva Accords of 1954 failed to bring a lasting peace in Vietnam?
HOME THINK ABOUT
• the provisions of the Geneva Accords • Ho Chi Minh’s and Ngo Dinh Diem’s goals • the role of the U.S. in Vietnam
SECTION 1
Moving Toward Conflict
Section 1 Assessment FORMING OPINIONS
Do you think Congress was justified in passing the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?
HOME THINK ABOUT
• the report of torpedo boat attacks on two U.S. destroyers • the powers that the resolution would give the president • the fact that the resolution was not a declaration of war
SECTION 2
U.S. Involvement and Escalation
Learn About
the reasons for U.S. escalation and the difficulty the United States encountered in fighting the Vietcong.
HOME To Understand
why the war lasted longer than expected and began to lose support at home.
SECTION 2
U.S. Involvement and Escalation
Key Idea
The United States sends troops to fight in Vietnam, but the war quickly turns into a stalemate.
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SECTION 2
U.S. Involvement and Escalation
Section 2 Assessment SUMMARIZING
What key military tactics and weapons were used by the Vietcong and the Americans?
Military Tactics and Weapons VIETCONG TACTICS: ambushes hit-and-run attacks WEAPONS: booby traps land mines U.S.
TACTICS: large-scale bombing search-and-destroy missions WEAPONS: napalm Agent Orange bombers HOME
SECTION 2
U.S. Involvement and Escalation
Section 2 Assessment EVALUATING
Evaluate the U.S. strategy for conducting the Vietnam War.
HOME THINK ABOUT
• the war of attrition • the battle for the “hearts and minds” of the South Vietnamese • the support for South Vietnamese leaders
SECTION 2
U.S. Involvement and Escalation
Section 2 Assessment GENERALIZING
What were the effects of the nightly TV coverage of the Vietnam War?
HOME THINK ABOUT
• television images of Americans in body bags • the Johnson administration’s credibility gap
SECTION 3
A Nation Divided
Learn About
the growing antiwar movement in America.
HOME To Understand
how the war sharply divided the American public.
SECTION 3
A Nation Divided
Key Idea
An antiwar movement emerges in the United States, pitting those who oppose the government’s war policy against those who support it.
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SECTION 3
A Nation Divided
Section 3 Assessment SUMMARIZING
What were examples of student organizations, issues, and demonstrations of the New Left?
The New Left HOME Student Organizations
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Students for a Democratic Society
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Free Speech Movement Issues
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opposition to Vietnam War
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abolition of college deferments
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campus issues Demonstrations
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march on Washington (April 1965)
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protest rally in Washington (November 1965)
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civil disobedience at Selective Service centers
SECTION 3
A Nation Divided
Section 3 3 Assessment MAKING DECISIONS
What choices did war draftees make during the Vietnam era?
HOME THINK ABOUT
• university students • antiwar demonstrators • economically underprivileged whites and minorities
SECTION 3
A Nation Divided
Section 3 3 Assessment FORMING OPINIONS
Do you agree, as many did, that antiwar protests were “acts of disloyalty”? Why or why not?
HOME THINK ABOUT
• why protestors staged antiwar demonstrations • comments that the protestors “didn’t really love this country” • the right to dissent in a democratic society
SECTION 4
1968: A Tumultuous Year
HOME Learn About
the Tet offensive, the assassination of two national leaders, and the rioting at the Democratic national Convention.
To Understand
why 1968 stands out as the most explosive year of the 1960s.
SECTION 4
1968: A Tumultuous Year
Key Idea
A shocking enemy attack in Vietnam, two assassinations, and a chaotic political convention help make 1968 the most explosive year of the decade.
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SECTION 4
1968: A Tumultuous Year
Section 4 Assessment SUMMARIZING
What major events occurred in 1968?
January Tet offensive.
April King’s assassination; urban riots.
HOME August Clash between police and protestors at Democratic National Convention.
March Johnson’s withdrawal from presidential race.
June Robert Kennedy’s assassination.
SECTION 4
1968: A Tumultuous Year
Section 4 Assessment ANALYZING
Why do you think the Tet offensive might be considered the turning point of the Vietnam War?
HOME THINK ABOUT
• its effects on the Johnson administration’s credibility • its effects on public opinion • Johnson’s response to the split within the Democratic Party
SECTION 4
1968: A Tumultuous Year
Section 4 Assessment COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
Do you think there might have been a relationship between the violence of the Vietnam War and the growing climate of violence in the United States during 1968? Why or why not?
THINK ABOUT
• the heavy casualties during the month-long Tet offensive • peak U.S. involvement in Vietnam in 1968
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SECTION 5
The End of the War and Its Legacy
HOME Learn About
President Richard Nixon’s Vietnamization policy and the end of the war.
To Understand
how the war had a lasting affect on America.
SECTION 5
The End of the War and Its Legacy
Key Idea
The nation’s longest war ends after nearly ten years and leaves a lasting impact on U.S. policy and American society.
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SECTION 5
The End of the War and Its Legacy
Section 5 Assessment SUMMARIZING
What are some possible newspaper headlines that summarize the historical significance of each of the dates listed below?
HOME Date March 16, 1968 April 30, 1970 May 4, 1970 May 14, 1970 December 31, 1970 January 27, 1973 March 29, 1973 Headline Massacre at My Lai Nixon Announces Invasion of Cambodia Kent State Tragedy Two Students Killed at Jackson State Congress Repeals Tonkin Gulf Resolution U.S. Signs Agreement to End Vietnam War Last U.S. Combat Troops Leave Vietnam
SECTION 5
The End of the War and Its Legacy
Section 5 Assessment SYNTHESIZING
In your opinion, what was the effect of the U.S. government’s deception about its policies and military conduct in Vietnam?
THINK ABOUT
• the release of information surrounding the My Lai massacre • the contents of the Pentagon Papers • Nixon’s secrecy in authorizing military maneuvers
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SECTION 5
The End of the War and Its Legacy
Section 5 Assessment DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
How would you account for the cold homecoming American soldiers received when they returned from Vietnam?
HOME THINK ABOUT
• how the Vietnam War ended • America’s divisiveness over its role in Vietnam • the media coverage of the My Lai massacre
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Assessment
1. How did the Tonkin Gulf Resolution lead to greater U.S. involvement in Vietnam?
2. What was President Eisenhower’s explanation of the domino theory?
3. Why did much of the American public and many in the Johnson administration support U.S. escalation in Vietnam?
4. Name three factors that contributed to the sinking morale among U.S. troops fighting in Vietnam. 5. What race-related problems existed for African American soldiers who served in the Vietnam War?
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Chapter
30
Assessment
6. What evidence was there that the country was sharply divided between hawks and doves?
7. What circumstances set the stage for President Johnson’s public announcement that he would not seek another term as president?
8. What acts of violence occurred in the United States during 1968 that dramatically altered the mood of the country?
9. Briefly describe the military conflict in Vietnam soon after the last U.S. combat troops departed in 1973.
10. What were the immediate effects and more lasting legacies of the Vietnam War within America?
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