VARIEDADES DE ECOLOGISMO

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Transcript VARIEDADES DE ECOLOGISMO

Joan Martinez-Alier ICTA, UAB

VARIEDADES DE ECOLOGISMO

• 1) En la historia del ambientalismo norteamericano existe la ideología de Gifford Pinchot de 1900 de que la conservación de los recursos es compatible con su explotación según un rendimiento sostenible: Eco eficiencia.

• 2) y la ideología de John Muir y del Sierra Club, de 1900 también, de Conservacionismo.

preservación de algunos espacios naturales en su estado puro.

VARIEDADES DE ECOLOGISMO: el ecologismo de los pobres

3) Pero en la década de 1980 nació EEUU un tercer movimiento ecologista por la Justicia Ambiental y contra el “racismo ambiental”. • El Ecologismo de los Pobres e Indígenas.

• César Chavez en años 1960 (protestas contra el DDT, sindicato de braceros mexicanos en California, ya representaba esto). Otros ejemplos en EEUU: las madres de Los Angeles Centro contra incineradoras… • Chico Mendes (1988), Ken Saro-Wiwa (1995), cientos de muertos…

Movimientos de “atingidos” en Brasil

• • • • • • • Movimiento de “atingidos por barragens” y por trasvase de ríos Conflictos de tierra por expansión de soya, de ganado Pequeño movimiento contra usinas nucleares de Angra dos Reis y extracción de uranio en Caiteté Movimientos contra la cría de camarón que destruye manglares Movimientos contra proyectos mineros Movimientos contra “biopiratería” Movimientos de defensa contra infraestructuras IIRSA

Lo mismo en México

• • • Antiguas protestas contra minería (cerro San Xavier en San Luis Potosí, etc …) Protestas contra represas (La Parota, El Zapotillo, Las Cruces en Río San Pedro en Nayarit…) Protestas contra botaderos de residuos (el caso Metalclad en S. Luis Potosí…)

… en México

• en la resistencia contra los talamontes por los “campesinos ecologistas” de Guerrero o la comunidad de Cheran en Michoacán, y otros conflictos sobre la biomasa (agro-combustibles) (“En defensa del maíz”) • en la nueva resistencia a la minería a cielo abierto en tantos lugares, como Real de Catorce en donde los Huichol explican que hay cerros sagrados (Wirikuta) que no tienen precio.

• • • •

Betty Cariño, 27 Abril 2010, 37 years old, when traveling to San Juan Copala in solidarity with the triqui community. An activist in the Mixteca and elsewhere, a radio journalist, she had origins in Liberation Theology and was involved in conflicts against dams and for peasant agriculture.

Leopoldo Juárez Urbina, 8 May 2010, and five or six other members of the purépecha community of Cherán, Michoacán, defending their communal forests against “talamontes”.

Miguel Angel Pérez Cazales, 31 October 2009, from Santa Catalina, Tepotzlán, defending the protected area of Texcal against urbanization.

Rubén Flores, 28 April 2010, his birthday, 42 years old, Coajumulco, Morelos, defending the forest of Ajusco Chihinautzin , killed by “talamontes”.

Aldo Zamora, 15 May 2007, member of the tlahuica community fighting deforestation in San Juan Atzingo, killed by “talamontes” (large scale wood robbers) in the vicinity of Santa Lucía, Ocuilan, Mexico State.

Aristeo Flores Rolón and Raul Delgado Benavides, 2007, in Cuautitlán de Barragán, Jalisco, in defense of indigenous rights against iron mining in the ejido of Ayotitlán.

Bernardo Méndez Vásquez and Bernardo Vásquez Sánchez, 18 Jan. and 15 March 2012, Coordinadora de Pueblos Unidos del Valle de Ocotlán, in San José del Progreso, Oaxaca, opposition to the mining project La Trinidad of Fortuna Silver Mining.

Mariano Abarca, 27 Nov. 2009, 50 years old, Chicomuselo, Chiapas, leader of resistance to a barite mine owned by Canadian company Backfire.

… en Colombia

Conflictos de minería:

Las enormes minas de carbón a cielo abierto en Cerrejón, en Guajira, y en La Loma, la Jagua de Ibirico y Becerril, en El Cesar, y el transporte con tractomulas o ferrocarril. Nuevos puertos. Desvio del río Ranchería.

Las nuevas minas de oro (caso de Angostura, Bucaramanga, Santander y en el Tolima – Cajamarca- la Anglo Ashanti Gold)

Conflictos de biomasa

(palma, manglares, Smurfit)

Conflictos de represas hidroeléctricas

(Urrá 2 fue parada, Quimbo…)

Rio + 20 – side event

• On 24 and 25 June 2012 the bodies of two human rights defenders were found following their disappearance on 23 June 2012.

• Almir Nogueira de Amorim and João Luiz Telles Penetra, or “Pituca” as he was known, were both leaders of the Associação Homens do Mar – AHOMAR which was set up in 2009 to defend the rights of the fisher-folk working in Rio de Janeiro, and particularly those affected by the construction of a gas pipeline for Petrobras. • Since the founding of the organisation its members have reported being subjected to death threats, physical attacks and killings.

EJOLT, 2011-15: Environmental Justice Organizations, Liabilities and Trade: inventory of 2000 conflicts

• • •

Activism is a source of knowledge. EJOs know more about resource extraction conflicts and waste disposal conflicts than anybody else. This knowledge can be combined with academic research. This is collaborative research.

EJOLT is doing an Atlas of Maps (thematic and by country) of enviromental conflicts.

www.ejolt.org

EJOLT 2011-15

Main hypothesis :

conflicts because of the increase in the Social Metabolism There are more environmental

This is different from the view that conflicts arise because of market failures or because of bad governance.

We study conflicts, and we enjoy the fact that conflicts sometimes stop resource extraction or waste diposal.

• • • • • • • • • Nuclear: uranium extraction; nuclear power plants; nuclear waste storage Ore & building materials: mineral extraction; mineral processing; tailings Waste Management: e-waste & other waste import zones; ship-breaking; waste privatisation; waste-pickers; incinerators; landfills; uncontrolled dump sites; industrial; municipal waste Biomass: land-grabbing; tree plantations; logging; non-timber products; deforestation; agro-toxics; GMOs; agrofuels; mangroves vs. Shrimps;; intensive food production (monoculture & livestock); fisheries Fossil Fuels & Climate Justice/ Energy: oil and gas extraction; oil spill; gas flaring; coal extraction; climate change related conflicts (glaciers & small islands);REDD/CDM; windmills; gas fracking Transportation & Infrastructure: megaprojects, high speed trains Water management: dams, water transfer, hydroways, desalination Biodiversity: invasive species, biopiracy & bio-prospection, damage to nature, conservation conflicts Industrial & utilities conflicts: factory emissions, industrial pollution

Acumulación por desposesión y acumulación por contaminación

• •

Hay una acumulación de beneficios y de capital mediante la desposesión o expropiación en las fronteras de la extracción ( David Harvey) o una

Raubwirtschaft

hay también una “acumulación mediante la contaminación”, las ganancias aumentan por la posibilidad de echar a la atmósfera, al agua o a los suelos los residuos producidos (como el CO2). De ahí las protestas con el nombre de “Justicia Climática”.

Methods for the study of Social Metabolism

• • • • Increased Material Flows (in tons) Increased energy flows (and decreasing EROI) Increased flows on “virtual water” in exports of soybeans, ethanol, cellulose… Increased HANPP, including the “embodied HANPP”

Flujos de materiales y conflictos ambientales en América latina

• • • Vallejo, M. C., 2010. Biophysical structure of the Ecuadorian economy, foreign trade, and policy implications. Ecol. Econ., 70: 159-169. Vallejo, M. C., Pérez Rincón, M. A., Martínez-Alier, J., 2011. Metabolic Profile of the Colombian Economy from 1970 to 2007. J. Industrial Ecology, 15: 245–67. Pérez-Manrique, P., Brun, J., González, A.C., Martínez-Alier, J., Walter, M. The biophysical economy of Argentina 1970-2009, J. Ind. Ecology 2012.

Metabolismo en la India

• Singh, S. J., Krausmann F., Gingrich S., Haberl H., Erb K.H., Lanz P., Martinez-Alier J., Temper L., 2012, • • India’s biophysical economy, 1961 – 2008, Sustainability in a national and global context. Ecological Economics, 72, 60-69 Comprobamos que la India está aun a 5 tons per persona y año, comparado con la EU, 15 tons.

Hay muchísimos conflictos ambientales en las zonas de extracción. “La mafia de la arena y la grava”. Conflictos de minería (Niyamgiri Hill) y de hidroeléctricas. También con nucleares (Kudankulam).

Two edited issues on Social Metabolism and Ecological Distribution Conflicts

Social Metabolism, Ecological Distribution Conflicts, and Valuation Languages, J. Martínez-Alier, G. Kallis, S. Veuthey, M. Walter, L. Temper. Ecol. Econ., 70 (2), 2010 Global transformations, social metabolism and the dynamics of socio-environmental conflicts, R. Muradian, M.Walter, J. Martinez-Alier Global Environmental Change 22(3) , 2012

HANPP : pressure on biodiversity

The HANPP (human appropriation of net primary production) is calculated in three steps. First, the potential net primary production (in the natural ecosystems of a given region ), NPP, is calculated. Then, the actual NPP (normally, less than potential NPP, because of agricultural simplification and soil sealing) is calculated.

The part of actual NPP used by humans and associate beings (cattle, etc.) relative to potential NPP is the HANPP, an index of pressure on biodiversity (because the higher the HANPP, less biomass available for “wild” species).

Increased HANPP Exporting soybeans from Porto Velho down the Madeira River (BRL, Aug. 09)

The EROI

Energy return on (energy) investment

• Hall, Charles A. S., Cutler J. Cleveland, Robert K. Kaufmann (1986): Energy and Resource Quality. The Ecology of the Economic Process. New York. Wiley Interscience.

Discussion on EROI

• •

Will economic growth be slowed down as we enter a period of decreasing EROI, that is, of increasing energy costs of obtaining energy? For instance, getting oil as we go down the Hubbert curve (after peak oil) will require increasing amounts of energy as the oil is at great depth under the sea (pre-sal in Brazil), or as it is heavy oil (Orinoco Delta).

• •

La Economía Ecológica estudia el metabolismo social y pone en duda que el conflicto entre economía y ambiente pueda solucionarse con jaculatorias al estilo del “desarrollo sostenible”, la “eco-eficiencia” o la “modernización ecológica”. La Ecología Política estudia los conflictos ecológico-distributivos (locales o internacionales) nacidos del creciente metabolismo social, y muestra cómo distintos actores usan distintos lenguajes de valoración.

Causas de los conflictos ambientales

• • •

La energía de los combustibles fósiles se quema y se disipa (y produce CO2). No se puede usar dos veces. Los materiales se reciclan solo en parte. También hay que ir a buscarlos a las fronteras de la extracción. El boom de las industrias extractivas se debe al creciente Metabolismo de la economía mundial, que produce también más residuos.

Political Ecology

• • • New inventories and maps of

ecological distribution conflicts

(J F Gerber on tree plantation conflicts, in GEC, 2010), drawing on the

activist knowledge

of the EJOs.

This is what the EJOLT project, 2011-15, will do, www.ejolt.org

This is what FIOCRUZ’s

Mapa de Conflitos, Injustiça Ambiental e Saúde no Brasil

does.

Minería de oro: Yanacocha, Perú (foto: BRL, julio 09)

Las exportaciones baratas del Sur hacia el Norte se consiguen porque los pobres venden barato. Costos ambientales no compensados. Mientras, el metabolismo de las sociedades ricas depende de la importación barata de materias primas y de la “exportación” gratis de CO2 a los océanos y a la atmósfera. Hace falta un Raúl Prebisch (o un Celso Furtado) ecologista para combatir el comercio ecologicamente desigual y para protestar contra el cambio climático.

LA REGLA DE LAWRENCE SUMMERS

“ la medida de los costos de una contaminación que afecte a la salud depende de los ingresos perdidos por la mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. Desde este punto de vista una cantidad dada de contaminación nociva para la salud debería ponerse en el país con el costo más bajo, es decir, el que tenga los salarios más bajos. Pienso que la lógica económica que hay detrás de llevar una carga dada de residuos tóxicos al país con menores salarios es impecable y deberíamos reconocerla”.

[1] [1] “Let them eat pollution”, The Economist, 8/2/1992.

UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF BURDENS AND BENEFITS Alang-Sosiya in Gujarat, world's largest shipbreaking yard Photos: Federico Demaria, ICTA UAB, 2012

REACTIONS & PROPOSALS

• • • In Peru, e.g., new environmental justice organizations (CONACAMI), new movements like Tierra y Libertad (Land and Freedom) with Marco Arana.

In Ecuador, a new post-extractivist proposal (Alberto Acosta), the Yasuni ITT.

In Latin America, Africa, claims for the repayment of the Ecological Debt (as in Copenhagen Dec. 2009).

Los movimientos de Justicia Ambiental

Esos movimientos de Justicia Ambiental son la mayor fuerza para conseguir una economía sostenible.

The Yasuni ITT proposal

Ecuador proposed in 2007 to leave oil in the ground

(850 million barrels) in the Yasuni ITT field – to respect indigenous rights, keep biodiversity, avoid carbon emissions.

They ask for partial outside compensation, 3.600 M

US$ – about one half of lost revenues.

The Trust Fund under UNDP administration was set

up in August 2010. Investments would go for energy transition and social investments.

This is an initiative to be imitated. We cannot burn

all the oil, gas and coal in the ground at the presentr speed because of climate change.

The Yasuni ITT initiative in Ecuador

Fuente: www.amazoniaporlavida.org, Fotos: internet

Interpretation of the Yasuní ITT proposal

For some, it might look as payment for environmental services, similar to REDD?

For some, it is mainly an issue of respect for human rights and

indigenous territorial rights, the local Kichwa and Waorani should be consulted

For some, it is a matter of Northern countries and rich people

paying back a little of their ecological debts.

In any case, a new word has been invented:

YASUNIZAR “Leave the oil in the soil, leave the coal in the hole, leave the tar sands in the land” (Nnimmo Bassey, Klimaforum09 )

YASUNIZANDO

(Ejolt report, n. 6)

• Se podría YASUNIZAR el Delta del Níger, algunas minas de carbón de la India y China (o de los páramos de Colombia), otros lugares de extracción de petróleo o gas en la Amazonía… • FRENAR LA EXTRACCIÓN DE COMBUSTIBLES

FÓSILES PARA EVITAR EMISIONES DE CO2.

• El petróleo de Alberta, Canadá, y el oleoducto Keystone XL, la resistencia en Francia, Bulgaria, Euskadi a explotar gas de esquisto (leave the gas under the grass…)

Demonstration in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country) against shale gas fracking, 6 Oct. 2012

Textbook based on collaborative research in 2008-2011 in CEECEC & EJOLT projects (Routledge, London, 2012, 522 p.)

The Niyamgiri hill in Orissa is sacred to the Dongria Kondh. It was threatened by bauxite mining by the Vedanta company from London. We could ask the Dongria Kondh: How much for your God? How much for the services provided by your God?

Niyamgiri sal forest Photo by Leah Temper, UAB January 2007

Valuation Languages

• • •

Who has the right (or the power) to simplify complexity and impose one language of valuation? Is sacredness valid? Are indigenous territorial rights valid?

Incommensurability of values against imposed commensuration, is at the root of ecological economics (JMA, Ecological Economics, 1987).

Going back to the Socialist Calculation Debate of the 1920s-30: Otto Neurath vs. Von Mises and Hayek.

Valores inconmensurables

• Los “atingidos” pueden afirmar como los U’Wa en Colombia frente a Occidental Petroleum que la tierra y el subsuelo eran sagrados, que “la cultura propia no tiene precio”, que el petróleo debe quedar en tierra. •

En un conflicto ambiental se despliegan valores ecológicos, culturales, de subsistencia de las poblaciones , y también valores crematísticos. Son valores que se expresan en distintas escalas, no son conmensurables entre sí.

Kalinganagar, Orissa, monumento a los muertos del 2-1-06 al defender sus tierras contra la empresa TATA

foto: Leah Temper, UAB

Riesgos e incertidumbres en los conflictos ambientales

• •

Los problemas ecológicos son complejos, inter-disciplinarios. Además, a veces son nuevos, creados por las nuevas industrias. De ahí, la desconfianza ecologista hacia los científicos especializados, justificada sin necesidad de apelar a filosofías irracionalistas de la ciencia. ¿Cómo aplicar el “principio de precaución”?

Riesgos, incertidumbres, y

activist knowledge

[1]

• •

Como señalan Funtowicz y Ravetz (la ciencia “post-normal”) o Victor Toledo ( “diálogo de saberes”), en esas discusiones deberían participar en pie de igualdad los activistas y los "expertos" de las universidades o de las empresas. Así, el movimiento de Justicia Ambiental en EEUU recurrió a la “epidemiología popular” en casos de incidencia de enfermedades por contaminación en barrios pobres. (Misma idea: Jaime Breilh, “epidemiología critica”).

[1]

Arturo Escobar, Political Ecology of Globality and Difference, Ambiente , 9(3), 2006.

Gestión y

Lenguajes contrapuestos, Valores inconmensurables

En casos de conflicto ambiental, los poderes públicos suelen excluir el conocimiento local e imponen el análisis económico y además una evaluación de impacto ambiental, para decidir si se construye una represa o se abre una mina o se coloca una plantación de eucaliptos o de palma,

sin embargo, los “atingidos”, aunque piensen que es mejor recibir alguna compensación económica que ninguna, tal vez acudan a otros lenguajes de valoración todavía disponibles en sus culturas.

Subsidio de la Naturaleza y del trabajo doméstico, Kumaun, 2006

Claims for payment of environmental liabilities (pasivos ambientales)

The economy works in practice by shifting costs to

poor people, to future generations, and to other species. How could a growing industrial economy work otherwise? (K.W. Kapp.1950).

Sometimes, environmental liabilities appear in the

public scene when there are complaints, or when there are sudden accidents (BP in the Gulf of Mexico, 2010, TEPCO in Fukushima, 2011)

The pedagogy of catastrophes. Catastrophisme

éclairé (Jean Pierre Dupuy).

Ecological Debts = Environmental Liabilities.Sometimes

liabilities can be translated into a money payment (compensatory and punitive) (Chevron Texaco in Ecuador, Shell in Nigeria).

Sometimes

, this is difficult – economic value of human life? present economic value of damage to future generations? Present economic value of disappearing unknown species?

Civil or criminal cases? Xstrata in La Alumbrera

(Argentina), a criminal court case? Also, 2012 criminal asbestos case Italy (Stephan Schmidheiny).

Deuda ecológica, deuda climática, justicia climática

• Desde el Sur se debería proponer un suave decrecimiento económico en el Norte, una transición socio-ecológica.

• En el Sur hay muchos movimientos de Justicia Ambiental que plantean que

el Norte pague su Deuda Climática, su “deuda de carbono”, y que esa deuda no aumente.

Reclamo de la Deuda Ecológica y que esta deuda no aumente ya más

Via Campesina: La agricultura campesina enfría la Tierra

From metabolic flows to ecological distribution conflicts

• A tentative classification, on two axis: geographical (local, regional or national, global) and “life-cycle”: extraction, transport, waste disposal.

• Many conflicts become “glocal” (e.g. Belo Monte in Brazil, Conga-Yanacocha in Perú, Niyamgiri in Odisha (India), Shell in Nigeria).

Geographical Stage scope -----------------

Local National and Regional Global Extraction Resource conflicts in tribal areas, such as bauxite mining in Orissa or Andhra Pradesh, oil in Achuar territory in Peru … Mangrove uprooting.

Tree planting for export Collapses of fisheries Worldwide search for minerals and fossil fuels, and bio-piracy by MNCs Regulation of “ corporate accountability ” Transport and Trade Complaints on urban motorways because of noise, pollution, landscape loss Inter-basin water transport Oil/gas pipelines (e.g. Burma to Thailand, Chad-Cameroon) Oil spills at sea “ Ecologically unequal exchange ” because of large South to North material flows Waste and pollution, post consumption Conflicts on incinerators (dioxins) or ozone in urban areas Acid rain from sulphur dioxide Nuclear waste, Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA CO2, CFC as causes of climate change & ocean acidification/ ozone layer destruction POPs even in remote pristine areas Claims for a “ carbon debt ”

THE ENVIRONMENTALISM OF THE POOR AND THE INDIGENOUS All this does not imply that poor people are always on the side of conservation, which would be patently untrue. What it means is that in many conflicts of resource extraction , transport or pollution, the local poor people (indigenous or not) are often on the side of conservation not so much because they are environmentalists but because of their livelihood needs and their cultural values .

These movements combine livelihood, social, cultural, economic and environmental issues. They set their “ moral economy ” in opposition to the logic of extraction of oil, minerals, wood or agrofuels at the “commodity frontiers”, defending biodiversity and their own livelihood. In many instances they draw on a sense of local identity (indigenous rights and values such as the sacredness of the land) but they also connect with the politics of the left . However, the traditional left still tends to see environmentalism as a “luxury of the rich”.

Entretanto en el Norte surge una NUEVA MACROECONOMIA ECOLÓGICA SIN CRECIMIENTO

• • • Hay nuevos avances en países del Norte en la elaboración de una macroeconomía ecológica (de Tim Jackson, “Prosperity without Growth”, 2009, de Peter Victor, “Managing without Growth” 2008)

macroeconomía del NO CRECIMIENTO

fundamentalismo del mercado. . Se contrapone tanto al keynesianismo como al También hay movimientos por la Décroissance

o Post-Wachstum.

We were right

• • • • We were right since the 1970s, 1980s on climate change, peak oil, opposition to nuclear energy, on agrotoxics… on décroissance with the Meadows, with André Gorz, Sicco Mansholt, Georgescu-Roegen 1971, 1979…, Illich, Castoriadis, Schumacher… on the Steady State with Herman Daly since 1973, on the studies of Social Metabolism… on peasant agroecology, supporting since the 1990s Via Campesina; in the critique of tree plantations In the critique of big dams, since the 1980s

We were right

• • • • in the critique of uniform Development (Arturo Escobar, Wolfgang Sachs, Gustavo Esteva, Shiv Visvanathan, Latouche…) since the 1980s in the alarm at population growth, we shall now reach Peak Population in 2045 at 8.5 billion, perhaps on Eco-Feminism (in its different currents) since the 1970s (Marilyn Waring, Ariel Salleh, Mary Mellor…), on the imbrication of culture and nature.

on Environmental Justice and the Environmentalism of the Poor and the Indigenous, since the 1980s.

Link Degrowth to successful cases of Environmental Justice

• • • In EJOLT, Environmental Justice Organizations, Liabilities and Trade,

www. ejolt.org,

we are collecting 2000 cases of resource extraction conflicts and waste disposal conflicts around the world.

We find that some times the projects have been stopped. Success! We shall do a Map of Successes.

Recent cases of (successful) resistance

• • • • • • Mining cases: Conga in Cajamarca, Peru; Intag, Quimsacocha in Ecuador: Niyamgiri Hill in Odisha (India)… Kudankulam nuclear power station in Tamil Nadu in India and also against Areva in Maharashtra Gas fracking in France and other cases of “leaving fossil fuels in the ground”, like Sarayaku Resistance to Land Grabbing (Madagascar etc) NO TAV in Italy and many other cases of resistance against infrastructures (TIPNIS in Bolivia) Irrawaddy dam in Burma (Kachen territory), La Parota (Mexico)

• • •

ALIANZA ENTRE LA JUSTICIA AMBIENTAL Y LOS MOVIMIENTOS DEL DECRECIMIENTO

Atendiendo a las protestas de los movimientos ambientalistas del Sur contra el comercio ecológicamente desigual y por la defensa de los territorios atendiendo también a los reclamos de justicia climática, confluencia entre la macroeconomía ecológica en el Norte, la Décroissance, y esas nuevas perspectivas del Sur que no quieren un desarrollo uniformizador sino más bien un Buen Vivir.

El ecologismo de los pobres e indígenas, aliado de los movimientos por el decrecimiento y el estado estacionario

Finances and (De)-Growth (remember Frederick Soddy)

• • • •

The economy has three levels (F. Soddy, 1926), the financial, the “productive”, and the ecological. Or the financial economy, the real economy, and the real-real economy.

Debts increase exponentially, they can be paid only by economic growth (or by inflation, and by squeezing the debtors).

However, economic growth of the productive economy depends largely on the available energy and materials.

The entropy law and the economic process

, Georgescu-Roegen (1971).

La macroeconomía ecológica no cree en el crecimiento económico en países ricos, menos aun cuando éste se alimenta de deudas, ya sea deudas de los consumidores o deudas públicas.

Pues el verdadero alimento de la economía industrial, desde el punto de vista del metabolismo, no son las deudas. Son los combustibles fósiles.

La décroissance

• • • Serge Latouche es ahora el autor más conocido. Hace ya 40 años la palabra décroissance apareció en boca de André Gorz en un debate con Sicco Mansholt, presidente de la Comisión Europea. Después apareció en un libro de Georgescu-Roegen, 1979.

En esos años se dijo que la economía de los países ricos debería ir hacia un estado estacionario, en expresión de Herman Daly

From Paris Degrowth April 2008 conference Special Issue, J. of Cleaner Production (a journal of industrial ecology) 2010 Crisis or Opportunity? Economic Degrowth for Social Equity and Ecological Sustainability

ed. by François Schneider, Giorgos Kallis, J. Martinez-Alier

• Editorial - Serge Latouche • Why environmental sustainability can most probably not be attained with growing production, Roefie Hueting • Energy transition towards economic and environmental sustainability: feasible paths and policy implications, Simone D’Alessandro Tommaso

Luzzati Mario Morroni

• Relax about GDP growth: implications for climate and crisis, Jeroen van

den Bergh

• Impact caps: why population, affluence and technology strategies should be abandoned, Blake Alcott…12 articles and book reviews (incl. Tim Jackson, Peter Victor…)

• Drawing from previous degrowth conferences in Paris and Barcelona in 2008 and 2010 respectively, the Montreal conference will focus on the particular situations and dynamics of the Americas. • How can degrowth models apply to different contexts from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego? How can degrowth concepts be made audible, understandable and acceptable to rich North Americans?

To learn more

Between science and activism: learning and teaching ecological economics with environmental justice organisations, by

Joan Martinez-Alier , Hali Healy , Leah Temper , Mariana Walter , Beatriz Rodriguez-Labajos , Julien-François Gerber , Marta Conde

Local Environment: The International Journal

of Justice and Sustainability 16(1), 2011

To learn more

Course on Ecological Economics and Environmental Justice January-May 2013 http://www.ejolt.org/2012/04/onlin e-course-ecological-economics and-activism/