Transcript Anolis
Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris Geospiza magnirostris strenua Geospiza fortis Geospiza nebulosa nebulosa Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus islands: 3% islands: 13.5% (35 500 spp) mainland: 97% mainland: 86.5% land surface of the world higher plant species (263 000 spp) Higher plant species total nr species New Zealand Madagascar Hawaii Cook Islands 2371 8000-10000 endemic nr species % endemic 2480 5000-8000 81.9 68.4 1180 906 89.9 284 3 1.1 Land snail species total nr species Madagascar Hawaii Canary Islands 380 endemic nr species % endemic 361 95 ca. 1000 ca. 1000 99.9 181 141 77.9 Insect species Hawaii Drosophila species: 511 + 300 Insect species Hawaii Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp. Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp. Insect species Hawaii Drosophila species: 511 + 300 spp. Tree crickets: 3 genera, 68 spp. Sarona plant bug: 40 spp. Insect species Canary islands 5700 spp., 2200 spp. endemic Insect species Tropical Pacific Lepidoptera 285 spp. 100 spp. one island endemics 28 spp. regional endemics Lizard species Tropical Pacific Scincidae 23 genera, 100 spp. 66 spp. one island endemics 13 spp. regional endemics 9 endemics Lizard species Canary Islands Lacertids 1 endemic genus: 7 extant spp. Lizard species Caribbean Anolis 400 spp. of Anolis 150 spp. on Caribbean islands Bird species 10300 spp. of birds 1750 spp. confined to islands (17%) 402 threatened (23%) 1132 threatened (11%) Mammal species Philippines (7000 islands) 84 genera, 170 spp. 111 endemics (64%) 24 endemics (29%) Comparisons among taxa Pacific Ocean Islands (26-30 islands) regional endemics butterflies birds skinks mammals local endemics 10% 10% 13% 6% + large, high, remote islands 35% 65% 66% 54% + Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation allopatric speciation allopatric speciation allopatric speciation "sympatric" speciation Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008 Scaly fern trees, Cyathaceae, Madagascar Janssen et al. 2008 gymnosphaera tripinnate clade bipinnate clade Miocene-Pleistocene gymnosphaera tripinnate clade bipinnate clade Pleistocene gymnosphaera tripinnate clade bipinnate clade Pleistocene Laurel, Seub franco Barbusano, Appollonias barbujana Laurel forest, Teneriffe, Canary Islands Isoplexis canarienis Azores Madeira Canaries Azores Madeira Canaries Azores Madeira Canaries Azores Madeira Canaries Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism Mechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind) rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind) members colonize island 2 rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind) members colonize island 2 drift and adaptive changes to different environment rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind) members colonize island 2 rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift drift and adaptive changes to different environment members of a derived population arrive at occupied island colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind) members colonize island 2 rapid expansion, adaptive changes, drift competition, character displacement, reinforcement drift and adaptive changes to different environment members of a derived population arrive at occupied island colonisation of island 1 in one event (>30ind) Blue chaffinch, Fringilla teydea, Canary Islands Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism Mechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy disruptive sexual selection disruptive natural selection discrete habitat models frequentie frequentie frequentie continuous resource models bekhoogte vruchtgrootte Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism Mechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy Polyploid plants Juan Fernandez Islands Canary Islands endemics Canary Islands non-endemics New Zealand gymnosperms New Zealand angiosperms 0% 25.5% 36.4% 0% 63% ~ latitude island ~ age island ~ taxon Island evolution Evolutionary forces on islands Evolutionary trends on islands Speciation on islands Distribution: allopatric, sympatric and parapatric speciation Location: neo-endemism and palaeo-endemism Mechanism: allopatric, competitive, polyploidy Phylogeny: anagenesis, anacladogenesis, cladogenesis anagenesis progenitor species becomes extinct anacladogenesis progenitor survives with little change alongside the derived species cladogenesis progenitor species is partitioned in two lines and becomes extinct in its original form Hawaiian honeycreepers, Drepanidinae, Hawaii Anolis radiation, Caribbean Islands Juan Fernandez Islands progenitor survives with little change alongside the derived species 148 endemic species anacladogenesis 24% cladogenesis 5% progenitor species is partitioned in two lines and becomes extinct in its original form anagenesis 71% progenitor species becomes extinct