Murrin-CH04 - Arbortown Properties

Transcript Murrin-CH04 - Arbortown Properties

Chapter 4

Expansion versus Anglicization

• 18 th Century British colonies sought to emulate homeland: housing, fashion, import British goods • Colonies’ population grew rapidly and demand for skilled and unskilled laborers, clergy, professionals outgrew supply – Northern colonies train their population for these roles – Southern colonies rely on immigrants • Constant expansion of British meant constant retreat for Indians (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Threats to Householder Autonomy

Political • Some families acquired more prestige than others • Elected office dominated by Colonial “gentleman” • Population grows much faster than elected offices Economic • Increase in entail inspires new settlement • Tenancy and other forms of debt emerge

Anglicizing the Role of Women

Expansion, Immigration, and Regional Differentiation

• Post-1715: era of peace for settlements • During expansion, settlers fit into their distinct regions • New Englanders had sense of regional identity before independence (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Emergence of the Old South

• 90% of slaves imported go to South • Plantation owners dominate politics • Slave life – Slave gangs, but diverse tasks in tobacco country – Malaria and sickle cell anemia – Task system in rice country – Gullah – Violence against slaves • Indigo and Eliza Lucas Pinckney (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Mid-Atlantic Colonies: The “Best Poor Man’s Country”

• Pennsylvania most attractive for immigrants – Scots-Irish (Ulsterites) – Germans (‘redemptioniers) – Philadelphia largest city in British North America by 1770s (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Backcountry

• Scots-Irish and Germans pushed west into interior of Virginia and Carolinas • Area develops its own distinct culture, not as Anglicized • Settlers of the backcountry considered clannish and violent (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

New England: A Faltering Economy and Paper Money

• 18 th century growth rate lower – More emigration than immigration – Disease and war lower life expectancy – “wheat blast” and food importation • New England 18 th century economy – Shipbuilding – Rum industry and Molasses Act (1733) – “Fiat” paper money and depreciation – Anglicized currency: Thomas Hutchinson and repudiation of paper money (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Anglicizing Provincial America

The World of Print

• English Enlightenment works spread through printing • 17 th century printing limited to Boston • John Peter Zenger and freedom of the press –

New York Weekly Journal

• Benjamin Franklin –

Pennsylvania Gazette

The Enlightenment in America

• Man can improve his condition, God not vengeful • Low Church vs. High Church • Sir Isaac Newton, laws of motion • John Locke, philosopher • Enlightenment spirit dominates Harvard • Yale College (1701) founded as reaction against Enlightenment (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Lawyers and Doctors

Georgia: the Failure of a Enlightenment Utopia

Background • 1730s: convergence of ideas of humanitarianism and social improvement led to founding of Georgia • Georgia’s purposes – Make productive use of “worthy” poor – Buffer of armed free men between S. Carolina and Spanish Florida – Produce silk and wine Operation • Slaves and Liquor banned • Silk and wine production fail • No elective assembly • Outcome – Royal govt. imposed 1752 – Economic structure mimics South Carolina

The Great Awakening

• mid-1730s to early 1740s: immense religious revival: Great Awakening • Swept across Protestant lands throughout Europe and the colonies • Methodists and Baptists surged ahead (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Origins of the Revivals

• Theodorus Frelinghuysen • Gilbert Tennent –

The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry

(1740) • Jonathan Edwards –

A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God

Whitefield Launches the Transatlantic Revival

• George Whitefield • Traveled and preached throughout Atlantic colonies • Anglicans – reserved towards him • Presbyterian, Congregationalists, Baptists – embraced him • Concept that all English Protestants were members of the same church (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Disruptions

Long-Term Consequences of the Revivals

• Evangelical churches “feminized” • Freemasons • Congregational Church and evangelical secession • “Letter days” and the breaking down of localism • Jonathan Edwards and

A Treatise concerning Religious Affections

New Colleges

• College of New Jersey (Princeton) • College of Rhode Island (Brown) • Queen’s College (Rutgers) • Dartmouth College • College of Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) • King’s College (Columbia) (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Denominational Realignment

Pre-realignment dominant groups • New England Congregationalist • Delaware valley Quakers • South Anglican Groups that gain • Methodists • Baptists • Presbyterians

Political Culture in the Colonies

• Colonists felt they were free because they were British • Mixed constitutions that united monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy in perfect balance • 1720s: every colony (except Connecticut and Rhode Island) had an appointive governor, council and elective assembly – Governor = monarch – Council = aristocracy – Elected assembly = commons (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Rise of the Assembly and the Governor

• In all 13 colonies, settlers elected their assembly • Three-fourths of free adult white men in colonies could vote (vs. one-third in England) • Assemblies gain power at expense of councils • Royally appointed governors: success dependent on winning over assembly • “Factions” (political parties) universally condemned in colonies (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

“Country” Constitutions: The Southern Colonies

“Court” Constitutions: The Northern Colonies

• Greater economic diversity, greater factionalism • William Shirley and Benning Wentworth: governance through reward and patronage • Common politics: liberty, property, and no popery • Robert Hunter • Quaker Party (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Renewal of Imperial Conflict

Challenges to French Power

• Louisbourg fortress, Cape Breton Island • Company of the Indies and Louisiana • French hold on American interior weakened in both North and South • Indian “republics” and trade with the British • Natchez Indians • France lost influence and prestige in North America (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Danger of Slave Revolts and War with Spain

• Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose (Mose) – Francisco Menéndez – Yamasees • Stono Rebellion (1739) • War of Jenkins’s Ear • New York conspiracy trials • Britain defeats Spain – Oglethorpe’s defense of Georgia – Anson and the capture of the Manila galleon (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

France versus Britain: King George’s War

The Impending Storm

• War drove British frontiers back, but colonies had promised land grants to volunteers • Areas of frenzied expansion: Maine, New Hampshire and middle colonies – Colony vs. colony – Settlers vs. Native Americans – British vs. French • Ohio Company of Virginia – George Washington • Marquis Duquesne • French movement to block British settlement west of Alleghenies

The War for North America

• 1755: British professional army conflicted with the householder society and voluntaristic colonists • Colonists and Britain learn to cooperate in order to achieve victory against France (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Albany Congress and the Onset of War

• War: New France vs. Virginia • Albany Congress – Keep Six Nations (Iroquois) neutral – Benjamin Franklin and the Albany Plan • President General and Grand Council • Raise soldiers, levy taxes, deal with Indians • Rejection – Centralized relations with Indians (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Britain’s Years of Defeat

A World War

• Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil – Frontier war to scatter Britain’s superior resources • Louis-Joseph, marquis de Montcalm – Traditional European siege warfare • Fort William Massacre • Britain declares war on France, 1756 • Seven Years’ War (1756-1763): France, Austria, and Russia vs. Prussia (subsidized by Britain) • Spain neutral until 1762 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Imperial Tensions: From Loudoun to Pitt

• Earl of Loudoun, British military commander in N. America 1755 – Coercion to force colonial cooperation • William Pitt, Prime Minister 1757 – Consent to gain colonial cooperation – Replaces Loudoun with James Abercrombie • By 1758, Britain finally had a military force capable of overwhelming New France • Cooperation between redcoats and provincials became routine and effective in warfare against French & Indians (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Years of British Victory

• British navy prevents France from reinforcing Canada • Marquis de Montcalm (French N. America commander) decides on defensive strategy • Peace between Indians and British 1758 • Quebec 1759 – James Wolfe – Marquis de Montcalm – Plains of Abraham • Montreal and the fall of Canada (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Cherokee War and Spanish Intervention

• Cherokee attack 1760 – Drive South Carolina settlement back 100 miles – Peace treaty 1761, but backcountry settlers restless • Spain entered war 1762 • British forces took Havana and Manila in the Philippines • France and Spain sued for peace (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Peace of Paris

• Peace of Paris ended the war 1763 • Britain returned Martinique and Guadeloupe to France • France surrendered some West Indian islands and mainland North America east of Mississippi • Havana returned to Spain, Florida ceded to Britain • France gives New Orleans and lands W of Mississippi river to Spain • Indians angrily rejected peace settlement and France’s surrender of their lands to Great Britain (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Conclusion

• 1713-1754: expansion and renewed immigration pushed settlements of North America into the interior • Colonies anglicized in many ways due to impacts of a growing population – Impacts on families, women – Enlightenment and Great Awakening • Imperial rivalries: French and Indian war • Provincials and redcoats: different perceptions (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved