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Parabolic Partial
Differential Equations
http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Transforming Numerical Methods Education for STEM Undergraduates
4/9/2015
http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
1
Defining Parabolic PDE’s
The general form for a second order linear PDE with two independent
variables and one dependent variable is
2u
2u
2u
A 2 B
C 2 D 0
x
xy
y
Recall the criteria for an equation of this type to be considered parabolic
B 2 4 AC 0
For example, examine the heat-conduction equation given by
2T T
2
t
x
, where
A , B 0, C 0, D 1
Then
B 2 4 AC 0 4( )(0)
0
thus allowing us to classify this equation as parabolic.
Physical Example of an Elliptic
PDE
The internal temperature of a metal rod exposed to two different
temperatures at each end can be found using the heat conduction
equation.
T T
2
t
x
2
Discretizing the Parabolic PDE
x
x
x
i 1
i
i 1
Schematic diagram showing interior nodes
For a rod of length L divided into
n 1 nodes x
L
n
The time is similarly broken into time steps of t
Hence
Ti j corresponds to the temperature at node i
x i x
and time
t j t
,that is,
The Explicit Method
x
i 1
If we define x
x
x
L
n
i 1
i
we can then write the finite central divided difference
approximation of the left hand side at a general interior node ( i ) as
2T
2
x
i, j
Ti j1 2Ti j Ti j1
x
2
where ( j ) is the node number along the time.
The Explicit Method
x
x
x
i 1
i
i 1
The time derivative on the right hand side is approximated by the
forward divided difference method as,
T
t
i, j
Ti j 1 Ti j
t
The Explicit Method
Substituting these approximations into the governing equation yields
Ti j1 2Ti j Ti j1
x2
Ti j 1 Ti j
t
Solving for the temp at the time node j 1 gives
Ti j 1 Ti j
choosing,
t
j
j
j
T
2
T
T
i 1
i
i 1
(x) 2
t
(x) 2
we can write the equation as,
Ti
j 1
Ti T 2Ti T
j
j
i 1
j
j
i 1
.
The Explicit Method
j 1
j
j
j
j
Ti Ti Ti1 2Ti Ti1
•This equation can be solved explicitly because it can be written for each
internal location node of the rod for time node j 1 in terms of the
temperature at time node j .
•In other words, if we know the temperature at node j 0 , and the
boundary temperatures, we can find the temperature at the next time
step.
•We continue the process by first finding the temperature at all nodes j 1 ,
and using these to find the temperature at the next time node, j 2 .This
process continues until we reach the time at which we are interested in
finding the temperature.
Example 1: Explicit Method
Consider a steel rod that is subjected to a temperature of 100 C on the left
end and 25 C on the right end. If the rod is of length 0.05 m ,use the explicit
method to find the temperature distribution in the rod from t 0 and t 9
seconds. Use x 0.01m , t 3s .
Given: k 54
J
W
kg
, 7800 3 , C 490
kg K
mK
m
The initial temperature of the rod is 20 C .
i0
1
2
T 100 C
3
4
5
T 25 C
0.01m
Example 1: Explicit Method
Recall,
Number of time steps,
t final t initial
t
k
C
therefore,
54
7800 490
3.
1.4129105 m2 / s.
Then,
x 2
0.4239 .
Boundary Conditions
T0 j 100C
for all j 0,1,2,3
j
T5 25C
t
1.4129 105
90
3
3
0.01
2
All internal nodes are at 20 C
for t 0 sec . This can be
represented as,
Ti 0 20C, for all i 1,2,3,4
Example 1: Explicit Method
Nodal temperatures when t 0 sec , j 0:
T00 100C
T10 20C
T20 20C
Interiornodes
T30 20C
T40 20C
T50 25C
We can now calculate the temperature at each node explicitly using
the equation formulated earlier,
Ti
j 1
Ti T 2Ti T
j
j
i 1
j
j
i 1
Example 1: Explicit Method
Nodal temperatures when t 3 sec (Example Calculations)
i0
T01 100C Boundary Condition
setting
i 1
j0
T11 T10 T20 2T10 T00
20 0.423920 2(20) 100
i2
20 0.423980
T21 T20 T30 2T20 T10
20 0.423920 2(20) 20
20 0.42390
20 33.912
20 0
53.912C
20C
Nodal temperatures when t 3 sec , j 1 :
T01 100C Boundary Condition
T11 53.912C
T21 20C
Interiornodes
1
T3 20C
T41 22.120C
T51 25C Boundary Condition
Example 1: Explicit Method
Nodal temperatures when t 6 sec (Example Calculations)
i0
T02 100C Boundary Condition
setting
i 1
j 1 ,
i 2 T22 T21 T31 2T21 T11
53.912 0.423920 2(53.912) 100
20 0.423920 2(20) 53.912
53.912 0.423912.176
20 0.423933.912
T12 T11 T21 2T11 T01
53.912 5.1614
20 14.375
59.073C
34.375C
Nodal temperatures when t 6 sec , j 2:
T02 100C Boundary Condition
T12 59.073C
T22 34.375C
Interiornodes
2
T3 20.889C
T42 22.442C
T52 25C Boundary Condition
Example 1: Explicit Method
Nodal temperatures when t 9 sec (Example Calculations)
i0
i 1
T03 100C Boundary Condition
setting j 2 ,
T13 T12 T22 2T12 T02
59.073 0.423934.375 2(59.073) 100
59.073 0.423916.229
i2
T23 T22 T32 2T22 T12
34.375 0.423920.899 2(34.375) 59.073
34.375 0.423911.222
59.073 6.8795
34.375 4.7570
65.953C
39.132C
Nodal temperatures when t 9 sec , j 3 :
T03 100C BoundaryCondition
T13 65.953C
T23 39.132C
Interiornodes
3
T3 27.266C
T43 22.872C
T53 25C Boundary Condition
Example 1: Explicit Method
To better visualize the temperature variation at different
locations at different times, the temperature distribution along
the length of the rod at different times is plotted below.
The Implicit Method
WHY:
•Using the explicit method, we were able to find the temperature at
each node, one equation at a time.
•However, the temperature at a specific node was only dependent
on the temperature of the neighboring nodes from the previous
time step. This is contrary to what we expect from the physical
problem.
•The implicit method allows us to solve this and other problems by
developing a system of simultaneous linear equations for the
temperature at all interior nodes at a particular time.
The Implicit Method
T
T
2
t
x
2
The second derivative on the left hand side of the equation is
approximated by the CDD scheme at time level j 1 at node (i )
as
2T
x 2
i , j 1
Ti j11 2Ti j 1 Ti j11
x
2
The Implicit Method
T
T
2
t
x
2
The first derivative on the right hand side of the equation is
approximated by the BDD scheme at time level j 1 at node ( i )
as
j 1
j
i
i
T
t
i , j 1
T
T
t
The Implicit Method
T
T
2
t
x
2
Substituting these approximations into the heat conduction
equation yields
Ti j11 2Ti j 1 Ti j11
x
2
Ti j 1 Ti j
t
The Implicit Method
From the previous slide,
Ti j11 2Ti j 1 Ti j11
x2
Ti j 1 Ti j
t
Rearranging yields
Ti j11 (1 2)Ti j 1 Ti j11 Ti j
given that,
t
x
2
The rearranged equation can be written for every node during each time
step. These equations can then be solved as a simultaneous system of
linear equations to find the nodal temperatures at a particular time.
Example 2: Implicit Method
Consider a steel rod that is subjected to a temperature of 100 C on the left
end and 25 C on the right end. If the rod is of length 0.05 m ,use the implicit
method to find the temperature distribution in the rod from t 0 and t 9
seconds. Use x 0.01m , t 3s .
Given: k 54
J
W
kg
, 7800 3 , C 490
kg K
mK
m
The initial temperature of the rod is 20 C .
i0
1
2
T 100 C
3
4
5
T 25 C
0.01m
Example 2: Implicit Method
Recall,
Number of time steps,
t final t initial
t
k
C
therefore,
54
7800 490
3.
1.4129105 m2 / s.
Then,
x 2
0.4239 .
Boundary Conditions
T0 j 100C
for all j 0,1,2,3
j
T5 25C
t
1.4129 105
90
3
3
0.01
2
All internal nodes are at 20 C
for t 0 sec . This can be
represented as,
Ti 0 20C, for all i 1,2,3,4
Example 2: Implicit Method
Nodal temperatures when t 0 sec , j 0:
T00 100C
T10 20C
T20 20C
Interiornodes
T30 20C
T40 20C
T50 25C
We can now form our system of equations for the first time step by
writing the approximated heat conduction equation for each node.
T
j 1
i 1
(1 2)Ti
j 1
T
j 1
i 1
Ti
j
Example 2: Implicit Method
Nodal temperatures when t 3 sec ,
i0
T 100C Boundary Condition
i 1
T01 (1 2 )T11 T21 T10
(Example Calculations)
1
0
For the interior nodes setting j 0 and i 1, 2, 3, 4 gives the following,
(0.4239100) (1 2 0.4239)T11 (0.4239T21 ) 20
42.39 1.8478T11 0.4239T21 20
1.8478T11 0.4239T21 62.390
i2
T11 (1 2 )T21 T31 T20
0.4239T11 1.8478T21 0.4239T31 20
For the first time step we can write four such equations with four
unknowns, expressing them in matrix form yields
0
0
1.8478 0.4239
T11 62.390
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239
1 20
0
T2
1
0
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239 T3 20
1
0
0
0
.
4239
1
.
8478
30
.
598
T
4
Example 2: Implicit Method
0
0
1.8478 0.4239
T11 62.390
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239
1 20
0
T2
1
0
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239 T3 20
1
0
0
0
.
4239
1
.
8478
30
.
598
T
4
The above coefficient matrix is tri-diagonal. Special algorithms
such as Thomas’ algorithm can be used to solve simultaneous
linear equation with tri-diagonal coefficient matrices.The
solution is given by
T11 39.451
1
24
.
792
T
2
1
T3 21.438
1
T4 21.477
Hence, the nodal
temps at t 3 sec are
T01 100
1
39
.
451
T
1
1
T2 24.792
1
21
.
438
T
3
T 1 21.477
41
25
T
5
Example 2: Implicit Method
Nodal temperatures when t 6 sec ,
i0
(Example Calculations)
T 100C Boundary Condition
2
0
For the interior nodes setting j 1 and i 1, 2, 3, 4 gives the following,
i 1
T02 (1 2 )T12 T22 T11
(0.4239 100) (1 2 0.4239)T12 0.4239T22 39.451
42.39 1.8478T12 0.4239T22 39.451
1.8478T12 0.4239T22 81.841
i2
T12 (1 2 )T22 T32 T21
0.4239T12 1.8478T22 0.4239T32 24.792
For the second time step we can write four such equations with four
unknowns, expressing them in matrix form yields
0
0
1.8478 0.4239
T12 81.841
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239
2 24.792
0
T2
0
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239 T32 21.438
2
0
0
0
.
4239
1
.
8478
32
.
075
T4
Example 2: Implicit Method
0
0
1.8478 0.4239
T12 81.841
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239
2 24.792
0
T2
2
0
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239 T3 21.438
2
0
0
0
.
4239
1
.
8478
32
.
075
T
4
The above coefficient matrix is tri-diagonal. Special algorithms
such as Thomas’ algorithm can be used to solve simultaneous
linear equation with tri-diagonal coefficient matrices.The
solution is given by
T12 51.326
2
30
.
669
T
2
2
T3 23.876
2
T4 22.836
Hence, the nodal
temps at t 6 sec are
T02 100
2
51
.
326
T
1
2
T2 30.669
2
23
.
876
T3
T 2 22.836
42
T5 25
Example 2: Implicit Method
Nodal temperatures when t 9 sec ,
i0
(Example Calculations)
T 100C Boundary Condition
3
0
For the interior nodes setting j 2 and i 1, 2, 3, 4 gives the following,
i 1
T03 (1 2 )T13 T23 T12
(0.4239 100) (1 2 0.4239)T13 (0.4239T23 ) 51.326
42.39 1.8478T13 0.4239T23 51.326
1.8478T13 0.4239T23 93.716
i2
T13 (1 2 )T23 T33 T22
0.4239T13 1.8478T23 0.4239T33 30.669
For the third time step we can write four such equations with four
unknowns, expressing them in matrix form yields
0
0
1.8478 0.4239
T13 93.716
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239
3 30.669
0
T2
3
0
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239 T3 23.876
3
0
0
0
.
4239
1
.
8478
33
.
434
T
4
Example 2: Implicit Method
0
0
1.8478 0.4239
T13 93.716
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239
3 30.669
0
T2
3
0
0.4239 1.8478 0.4239 T3 23.876
3
0
0
0
.
4239
1
.
8478
33
.
434
T
4
The above coefficient matrix is tri-diagonal. Special algorithms
such as Thomas’ algorithm can be used to solve simultaneous
linear equation with tri-diagonal coefficient matrices.The
solution is given by
T13 59.043
3
36
.
292
T
2
3
T3 26.809
3
24
.
243
T
4
Hence, the nodal
temps at t 9 sec are
T03 100
3
59
.
043
T
1
3
T2 36.292
3
26
.
809
T
3
3
T 24.243
43
25
T5
Example 2: Implicit Method
To better visualize the temperature variation at different
locations at different times, the temperature distribution along
the length of the rod at different times is plotted below.
The Crank-Nicolson Method
WHY:
2T
Using the implicit method our approximation of
was of
x 2
accuracy, while our approximation of
T
t
O(x) 2
was of O(t ) accuracy.
The Crank-Nicolson Method
One can achieve similar orders of accuracy by approximating the
second derivative, on the left hand side of the heat equation, at the
midpoint of the time step. Doing so yields
2T
x 2
i, j
Ti j1 2Ti j Ti j1
2
x
2
Ti j11 2Ti j 1 Ti j11
2
x
The Crank-Nicolson Method
The first derivative, on the right hand side of the heat equation, is
approximated using the forward divided difference method at time
level j 1 ,
T
t
i, j
Ti
j 1
Ti
t
j
The Crank-Nicolson Method
•Substituting these approximations into the governing equation for
heat conductance yields
Ti j1 2Ti j Ti j1 Ti j11 2Ti j 1 Ti j11 Ti j 1 Ti j
2
x
2
x
2
t
giving
Ti j11 2(1 )Ti j 1 Ti j11 Ti j1 2(1 )Ti j Ti j1
where
t
x 2
•Having rewritten the equation in this form allows us to descritize
the physical problem. We then solve a system of simultaneous linear
equations to find the temperature at every node at any point in
time.
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
Consider a steel rod that is subjected to a temperature of 100 C on the left
end and 25 C on the right end. If the rod is of length 0.05 m ,use the CrankNicolson method to find the temperature distribution in the rod from t 0
to t 9 seconds. Use x 0.01m , t 3s .
Given: k 54
J
W
kg
, 7800 3 , C 490
kg K
mK
m
The initial temperature of the rod is 20 C .
i0
1
2
T 100 C
3
4
5
T 25 C
0.01m
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
Recall,
Number of time steps,
t final t initial
t
k
C
therefore,
54
7800 490
3.
1.4129105 m2 / s.
Then,
x 2
0.4239 .
Boundary Conditions
T0 j 100C
for all j 0,1,2,3
j
T5 25C
t
1.4129 105
90
3
3
0.01
2
All internal nodes are at 20 C
for t 0 sec . This can be
represented as,
Ti 0 20C, for all i 1,2,3,4
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
Nodal temperatures when t 0 sec , j 0:
T00 100C
T10 20C
T20 20C
Interiornodes
T30 20C
T40 20C
T50 25C
We can now form our system of equations for the first time step by
writing the approximated heat conduction equation for each node.
Ti j11 2(1 )Ti j 1 Ti j11 Ti j1 2(1 )Ti j Ti j1
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
Nodal temperatures when t 3 sec ,
i0
(Example Calculations)
T01 100C Boundary Condition
For the interior nodes setting j 0 and i 1, 2, 3, 4 gives the following
i 1
T01 2(1 )T11 T21 T00 2(1 )T10 T20
(0.4239 100) 2(1 0.4239)T11 0.4239T21 (0.4239)100 2(1 0.4239)20 (0.4239)20
42.39 2.8478T11 0.4239T21 42.39 23.044 8.478
2.8478T11 0.4239T21 116.30
For the first time step we can write four such equations with four
unknowns, expressing them in matrix form yields
0
0
2.8478 0.4239
T11 116.30
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239
1 40.000
0
T2
1
0
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239 T3 40.000
1
0
0
0
.
4239
2
.
8478
52
.
718
T4
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
0
0
2.8478 0.4239
T11 116.30
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239
1 40.000
0
T2
1
0
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239 T3 40.000
1
0
0
0
.
4239
2
.
8478
52
.
718
T
4
The above coefficient matrix is tri-diagonal. Special algorithms
such as Thomas’ algorithm can be used to solve simultaneous
linear equation with tri-diagonal coefficient matrices.The
solution is given by
T11 44.372 Hence, the nodal
1
23
.
746
T
2
temps at t 3 sec are
T31 20.797
1
21
.
607
T
4
T01 100
1
44
.
372
T
1
1
T2 23.746
1
20
.
797
T
3
T 1 21.607
41
T5 25
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
Nodal temperatures when t 6 sec ,
i0
(Example Calculations)
T02 100C Boundary Condition
For the interior nodes setting j 1 and i 1, 2, 3, 4 gives the following,
i 1
T02 2(1 )T12 T22 T01 2(1 )T11 T21
(0.4239 100) 2(1 0.4239)T12 0.4239T22
(0.4239)100 2(1 0.4239)44.372 (0.4239)23.746
42.39 2.8478T12 0.4239T22 42.39 51.125 10.066
2.8478T12 0.4239T22 145.971
For the second time step we can write four such equations with four
unknowns, expressing them in matrix form yields
0
0
2.8478 0.4239
T12 145.971
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239
2 54.985
0
T2
2
0
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239 T3 43.187
2
0
0
0
.
4239
2
.
8478
54
.
908
T4
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
0
0
2.8478 0.4239
T12 145.971
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239
2 54.985
0
T2
2
0
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239 T3 43.187
2
0
0
0
.
4239
2
.
8478
54
.
908
T
4
The above coefficient matrix is tri-diagonal. Special algorithms
such as Thomas’ algorithm can be used to solve simultaneous
linear equation with tri-diagonal coefficient matrices.The
solution is given by
T12 55.883
2
31
.
075
T
2
2
T3 23.174
2
22
.
730
T
4
Hence, the nodal
temps at t 6 sec are
T02 100
2
55
.
883
T
1
2
T2 31.075
2
T3 23.174
T 2 22.730
42
25
T
5
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
Nodal temperatures when t 9 sec ,
i0
(Example Calculations)
T 100C Boundary Condition
3
0
For the interior nodes setting j 2 and i 1, 2, 3, 4 gives the following,
i 1
T03 2(1 )T13 T23 T02 2(1 )T12 T22
(0.4239 100) 2(1 0.4239)T23 0.4239T23
(0.4239)100 2(1 0.4239)55.883 (0.4239)31.075
42.39 2.8478T13 0.4239T23 42.39 64.388 13.173
2.8478T13 0.4239T23 162.34
For the third time step we can write four such equations with four
unknowns, expressing them in matrix form yields
0
0
2.8478 0.4239
T13 162.34
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239
3 69.318
0
T2
3
0
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239 T3 49.509
3
0
0
0
.
4239
2
.
8478
57
.
210
T
4
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
0
0
2.8478 0.4239
T13 162.34
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239
3 69.318
0
T2
3
0
0.4239 2.8478 0.4239 T3 49.509
3
0
0
0
.
4239
2
.
8478
57
.
210
T
4
The above coefficient matrix is tri-diagonal. Special algorithms
such as Thomas’ algorithm can be used to solve simultaneous
linear equation with tri-diagonal coefficient matrices.The
solution is given by
T13 62.604 Hence, the nodal
3
37
.
613
T
2
temps at t 9 sec are
T33 26.562
3
24
.
042
T
4
T03 100
3
T1 62.604
T23 37.613
3
26
.
562
T
3
3
T 24.042
43
T5 25
Example 3: Crank-Nicolson
To better visualize the temperature variation at different
locations at different times, the temperature distribution along
the length of the rod at different times is plotted below.
Internal Temperatures at 9 sec.
The table below allows you to compare the results from all three
methods discussed in juxtaposition with the analytical solution.
Node
Explicit
Implicit
CrankNicolson
Analytical
T13
T23
T33
T43
65.953
59.043
62.604
62.510
39.132
27.266
36.292
26.809
37.613
26.562
37.084
25.844
22.872
24.243
24.042
23.610
THE END