Asphalt Cement Construction Materials Woods Concretes

Metals Polymers Ceramics Composites

Sand

    It is the form of Silica .It is formed by decomposition of sandstones due to various weathering effects.

Fine minerals The order of 0.1 to 1.0 mm diameter Fill voids between the coarser aggregate Types of Sand 1) Natural Sand – obtained from pits, shores, riverbeds seabed's… 2) Artificial Sand – obtained from crushing of stones.

Sand

Types of Sand (depending on fineness) 1) Coarse Sand – retaining on sieve 4.75 mm 2) Fine Sand – passing through sieve 4.75 mm Uses 1) PCC, RCC, PSC 2) Cement mortar, Lime Mortar 3) Coarse Sand - plaster on Ex. Wall, Fine Sand – Plastering on Internal Wall 4) Below flooring material 5) In filtration plant.

STONE

Cheapest, Durable and obtained from ROCK Properly dressed and shaped before it is used.

 Classification of Rocks 1) Geological – Igneous Rock, Sedimentary & Metamorphic 2) Physical – Stratified, un-stratified and Laminated.

3) Chemical – Siliceous, argillaceous, calcareous 4) Hardness of Stone - Very hard, hard, medium, soft

Uses of Stone

•Marble •Slate

181

•Marble - Exterior

Application

182

•Slate Flooring

•Limestone with Granite

•Granite Material •Polished Surface •Rough Texture

Uses of Stone

      Foundation, roofs floors, railway ballast, road metal.

Stone Blocks – Wall, Foundation, Ornamental Facial work.

Slate – Roofing & Flooring Lime Stone Slabs – Flooring, paving and roofing Granite – bridge abutment, piers, flooring, kitchen otta, steps, table top etc…..

Marble – floors, tiles, Ornamental Facial work.

STEEL

 Steel is an intermediate form between Cast Iron and Wrought iron.

 Steel are highly elastic, ductile, malleable, forgeable, weldable.

Grades of Steel – Fe250, Fe415, Fe500 Fe = ferrous metal Number = Yield stress in N/mm²

STEEL

   Cast iron is iron or a ferrous alloy which has been heated until it liquefies, and is then poured into a mould to solidify.

Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (0.1 to 0.25) content in contrast to cast iron, and has fibrous inclusions, known as slag. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile and easily welded.

Malleable is a material's ability to deform under compressive stress.

Classification of STEEL

 Mild Steel Used as structural and Non-Structural Steel, in form of I, C, L, round, flat shapes. It is Fe 250 as yield strength is 250 N/mm²  Tor Steel – used in RCC work, It has low ductility and low bend ability.

It is Fe 415 & Fe 500 (yield stress)  High Tensile Steel – usually in form of WIRES of high tensile strength (tendon) Used in prestress concrete. 1500 to 2350 N/mm² (Ultimate stress)

 Mild Steel  High Tensile steel

 Tor Steel

Uses of Steel

       Structural member in trusses, beams Non Structural components for grills, stairs, windows, doors etc ….

Steel Tanks, Steel Pipes.

TOR steel in RCC member.

Tendons in PSC.

Corrugated sheets as roof covering Mild Steel in manufacture of tools, equipments, towers, machine parts etc….

CONCRETE

(CEMENT + Fine Aggregate+ Coarse Aggregate + WATER) PROPORTION ( 1:2:4), (1:3:6), (1:4:8) GRADE M15, M20, M25……. And so on…… M- Mix Number – Compressive strength after 28 days in N/mm² (A cementation reaction between water and the mineral in cement provide a strong matrix and good compressive strength)   Common construction material Strong hard but brittle

Universal Testing Machine

Concrete Types

 (PCC) Plain Cement Concrete  (RCC) Reinforced Cement Concrete  (PC) Precast Concrete  (PSC) Prestress Concrete

Types of Concrete

 PCC – (cement + FA+ CA +Water) Strong in compression and weak in tension Hard and Durable Manufacturing – Hand mixing or Machine Mixing.

USES – a) Foundation masonry, base of foundation.

b) Gravity Dam and Retaining Wall c) Below Flooring.

d) Leveling work over PLINTH.

Types of Concrete

 RCC - ({Cement + Sand+ CA +Water} this mixture is Reinforced in STEEL)    Strong in compression and tension Hard, Durable and bear all types of stresses.

R/f may be MILD STEEL Or TOR STEEL BAR.

  Minimum Grade used is M20.

Manufactured on site may be Hand mixing or Machine Mixing.

USES – a) Construction of multi storied buildings.

b) Road pavement.

c) Water tanks, bridges, concrete pipes.

d) Concreting of beams, columns, slabs, footing etc.

Cement

Sand Aggregate

Water Steel

R.C.C.

Concrete

 Advantages of R.C.C.

 a) Highly durable, Fire-resisting.

 b) Monolithic character provides rigidity to structure.

  c) Fluidity of concrete and flexibility of Reinforcement make it possible to mould into various shapes.

d) Cost of maintenance is negligible.

PRECAST CONCRETE (P.C.)

   Casted in Separate form and then placed.

Casted in casting yard or on building site.

After casting, transported and placed in position by cranes.

 PC units are – 1) Hollow concrete blocks 2) Tiles 3) Pipes 4) Roof Slabs 5) Electric Poles 6) Stair Case 7) Rail Sleepers

Uses Of P.C

 Casting structural Elements like BEAMS, COLUMS, SLABS, WATER TANKS, GIRDERS, FRAMES, TRUSSES, SEPTIC TANKS, WATERSUPPLY AND DRAINAGE PIPE, FENCING POST, ELECTRIC POLES, CAISSIONS, TRAFFIC BARRIERS, ROAD DIVIDERS, CONRETE PILES, BRIDGE PIERS ETC………  Manufacturing (Reinforcement – Mould – Concreting )     Advantages Mould can be reused when production is in bulk Better quality control as production is in factory Smooth surface may be achieved and plastering may be avoided.

Precast Concrete Examples

PreStress Concrete.

 Def: Concrete in which reinforcing steel bars/tendons are stretched and anchored to compress it and thus increase its resistance to stress.

Methods – A) Pre-tensioning B) Post-tensioning

Pre-tensioning

 Steel reinforcement is first tensioned with hydraulic jack and then concreting is done and harden for 28 days.

 Used for LONG SPANs.

 Higher tensile strength is obtained.

Post-tensioning

 Steel reinforcement is enclosed in ducts or metal sheets, concreting is done and harden for 28 days, then these steel reinforcements are tensioned with the help of hydraulic jack and anchored.

  Used for LONG SPANs Higher tensile strength is obtained.

Uses of PSC

      PSC girders in bridges.

Railway Sleepers Electric pole Beams of large span Pile foundation Slabs •Pile for foundation

Advantages

 Size of structural member is reduced   Members can resist shocks, vibration, impact Mostly high quality material is used.

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

 STRUCTURE OF BUILDING IS DIVIDED IN Two CATEGORIES 1) Superstructure – (above GS) 2) Substructure – (Below GL) Components of Substructure: a) Foundation b) Plinth c) Damp proof Course (DPC)

Foundation

 Total Load of SUPERSTRUCTURE is transmitted to the FOUNDATION BED via SUBSTRUCTURE.

   Def .:- ‘Structure which supports the superstructure’ Transmitting media – usually made up of RCC Foundation Bed – made up of hard (Nat/Art) bedrock or soil. FUNCTION OF FOUNDATION  Transfer and Distribute the load uniformly.

   Prevent from Uneven settlement To maintain stability of structure from overturning and sliding Forms a level for laying the masonry courses.

BEARING CAPACITY

 Structure will be safe if the bearing capacity of the soil is satisfactory.

  ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY Max. avg intensity of applied pressure that the underlying area can carry before its shear failure of material.

 Bearing capacity = Maximum Load carrying capacity Safe Bearing Capacity = Ultimate BC ---------------------- FOS

FOS

1.5 to 2 – Temporary structures 2 to 3 - Shallow Footing 2 to 6 - Pile Foundation 5 to 10 – Rock Structures 2.5 - Buildings FOUNDATION Value of FOS (difference in loads, ground strata, position of Ground water)

SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION

  It is the vertical downward movement of the foundation.

Amt. of settlement may be different for different types of soil  Settlement is a time dependent process Clayey Soil – Very Gradual (Long time and more) Sandy Soil – Quick and less.

TYPES OF SETTELMENT  Uniform Settlement  Differential Settlement

Type of settlement

•Uniform Settlement •Sliding / Overturning •Differential Settlement

UNIFORM SETTELMENT

    Vertical DOWNWARD movement of the total base of structure is EQUAL.

US causes when Uniformly distributed load.

Uniform soil / rock beneath NO Damage to structure.

Excessive US may damage Water supply & Drainage lines Telephone & Electric Cables.

DIFFRENTIAL SETTLEMENT

   Vertical DOWNWARD movement of the total base of structure is Non - Uniform.

DS causes when Distributed load on the structure is uneven Different soil / rock beneath the foundation.

DS is a DANGEROUS Settlement.

•P P •P •P •P •P1 •P2 •P3

Types of Foundation

Strip Footing Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation Spread Footing Combined Footing Strap/ Cantilever Footing Mat or Raft Footing Isolated Footing Pile Foundation End Bearing Pile Friction Pile Simple Stepped Square Rectangular Circular Stepped

Foundation ( Based on Depth)



SHALLOW FOUNDATION



Spread Footing

over a wider area. – Used to distribute Concentrated Load from Superstructure (WALL FOOTING)

•Step •Offset

STRIP FOOTING

1) Simple Strip Footing 2) Stepped Strip Footing Used below light structure. Garden wall or Compound Wall.

Temporary structures.

•Stepped Wall Footing •Simple Wall Footing

ISOLATED / PAD FOOTING (Column Footing)

   These are used to support Individual Column.

They may be in different shapes Rectangular Square Circular Sloped Used for modern RCC building.

COMBINED FOOTING

    When loads on adjacent columns are very high or BC of the soil is less, two columns are grouped together to form a combined footing Differential settlement is reduced as the base is common.

Case 1:

Same Loading on 2 column (W1 & W1) – Rectangular Footing

Case 2:

Diff Loading on 2 column (W1 & W2) – Trapezoidal Footing

W1 W1

STRAP / CANTILEVER FOOTING

 Provided in following conditions: Case I – If it is not possible to provide footing exactly below the column.

(boundary restriction) Case II – Distance between the 2 columns is so large that combined footing is not possible.

 In such cases a cantilever beam connects these 2 columns.

DEEP FOUNDATION

Deep Foundation D/B >1 PILE Function Based End Bearing Pile Material Based Friction Pile

Pile Foundation

 A sender Column capable of transferring the structural load to the deep underlying layer.

 End of column is usually sharp.

 At the G.L the pile is covered with PILE CAP, on which COLUMN is constructed.

END BEARING PILE

 Load is transferred to Hard Strata, through soft soil strata, at a greater depth.

 Pile rests on HARD STRATA at greater depth.

FRICTION PILE

  Load transfer is by SKIN FRICTION without any end bearing.

Soil offers resistance to pile by virtue of FRICTION.

SUPERSTRUCTURE (topics)

• •  TYPES OF LOADS DL & LL Wind Load  EARTHQUAKE CONSIDERATIONS  TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION • Load bearing • Framed • Composite  MASONRY • Stone masonry • Brick Masonry

Superstructure

 PART OF STRUCTURE ABOVE Components- (Wall, Roof, Door, Windows, Flooring, Slab etc……) Plinth Level (G.S)   Plinth – Part of Structure lying above Substructure and below Superstructure.

Loads acting on Superstructure – DL, LL, Wind Load, H.W

 Q1. Write comparison of Superstructure and Substructure

TYPES OF LOADS

1) Dead Load (D. L) 2) Wind Load (W. L) 3) Live Load (L. L) 4) Earthquake Load (Eq. L)  These loads may act simultaneously (W.L, Eq. L may vary)

DEAD LOAD

  Load of Material – Self wt. of Bldg. Components.

D.L = (Volume x Unit Weight of material) (KN/m 3 )

MATERIAL

PCC RCC Brick Steel Brick Masonry Stone Masonry

UNIT WEIGHT (KN/m 3 )

24 25 22 78 18 22

LIVE LOAD

 Movable Superimpose load acting on structure.

(Occupant, Furniture, Equipment, machinery, etc……)    It is usually consider acting uniformly .

In case of Multistoried building, FULL LOAD on each floor is not considered for calculating Foundation Load.

Minimum L.L. depends on type of Building.

TYPE (Purpose)

Residential, Hospital Office Room, Small Work Place Bank, Reading Hall Class Room, Restaurants

Min L.L.((KN/m²)

2.00

2.45

3.00

4.00

WIND LOAD

  Wind Pr. {P = kV²} P = wind pressure in (KN/m²) k = Coefficient depending on wind velocity, size, shape of structure and Atm. Temperature.

 W.L is effective in ‘HIGH RISE BUILDING’.

Ht. < 3 times the width (W.L may be neglected)

EARTHQUAKE LOAD



TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

 Methods of constructing SUPERSTRUCTURE.

1) LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE 2) FRAMED STRUCTURE 3) COMPOSITE STRUCTURE  Choice for the method of construction depends on – - Number of Floors, - Area Covered, - Type of Structure, - Bearing Capacity of Land, - Economy

LOAD BEARING CONSTRUCTION

      Load transferred to wall as roof and floors are connected to the wall Roof & Floor – Wall – Wall Footing – Underlying Strata Economical up to 2 storeys (as no of storeys increases wall thickness increases & carpet area reduces) Feasible where HARD STRATA is available at Shallow depth.

Now a days – Temporary and important structure are build.

E.g. - Shaniwarwada, C.O.E. Pune, Central Bldg.

FRAMED STRUCTURE

     Slab – Beam – Column – Footing – Underlying Soil.

Used for MULTISTORIED BUILDING.

Frame is constructed by RCC Speed is faster compared to LBS If HARD STRATA designed.

NOT available at considerable depth, PILE foundation or RAFT foundation is

COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

 COMBINATION of L.B.S & F.S

OUTER WALL – L.B.S.

Columns and Beams are provided intermediately.

  Floors and Roofs are supported by walls and frames.

Used for Industrial Sheds, Warehouses where spans are long.

THANK YOU….