Chapter 1– part B

Biology: The Study of Life

QSR #14

Compound Light Microscopes

1.

Eyepiece 2. Body tube

lenses – what you look through (10x) – tube between the eyepiece and objective 3.

Fine adjustment knob –

adjustments 4.

Nosepiece –

lenses make the last “fine” rotating mount that holds the objective 5.

objective lens

specimen  – gathers light from the 5. High power: longer – higher magnification  6. Low power: shorter – lower magnification

•

7. Diaphragm:

regulates the amount of light that enters the •

8. Light source:

either a mirror or light bulb •

9. Base:

supports the weight of the microscope •

10. Coarse-adjustment knob

– big knob used for focusing -should ONLY be used under LOW magnification 11.

Arm

•Microscope is carried by this •12. – holds body tube to the base

Stage clips

– holds glass slide in place •13.

Stage –

Holds the specimen for viewing

Electron Microscopes

  A. Uses a beam of electrons instead of light  Can magnify up to 500,000 times B. 2 types  1. Scanning electron microscope  Scans across the surface  2. Transmission electron microscope (TEM)  Allows you to view INSIDE the speciman

QSR #14 – COPY AND FILL IN THE BLANKS!!

Characteristics of living things

 1.Made of cells  Multicellular  unicellular  2.Reproduce

 Sexually vs asexually   3.Change over time 4.Respond to environment (stimulus vs response)   5.Adapt 6.evolve

Is a virus living?

Viruses are NOT made of cells….

Important terms:

   Cellular organization  Cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organism Metabolism  ALL of the chemical processes involved in breaking down or building up materials for energy Homeostasis  Maintaining internal conditions that are balanced  Ex: pH levels, sugar levels, hormone levels

Anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life

organism

T or F…Reproduction is essential for the survival of all species

TRUE!!!!

A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring in nature

species

liger

tigon

tigon

zorse

Mule

Stimulus Vs Response

   A

STIMULUS

is anything in the environment that requires an organism to adjust/react The adjustment made is the

RESPONSE.

EX: Sweating in humans is a response to the stimulus of high temperature

Adaptation and evolution

  Adaptation Any structure or behavior that enables an organism to better survive in an environment   Ex: Length of a giraffe’s neck Leads to EVOLUTION of the species  A change in living things over time

QSR #15

Scientific method

    Observing Making a hypothesis Collecting data Publishing results   Forming a theory Developing new hypotheses  Revising the theory

QSR #4

 1. _______ ________s are used to accurately measure the volume of liquids.

 2. ________ are used for cutting during dissections.

 3. The hottest part of a flame of a bunsen burner is __________________.

 4.Other than bunsen burners, ______ _______s can be used to heat liquids inside beakers.

The Methods of Biology

  Observing and Hypothesizing EX: Why do earthworms leave their burrows when it rains?

 To answer questions, scientists use the  Scientific method  Id problems to answer by observing

hypothesis

 Explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested  Must be able to be tested

experiment

 A procedure that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting information under controlled conditions

control

 The group in which all conditions are kept the same

Experimental group

  Aka the test group All conditions are kept the same except for the single condition being tested

Independent variable

 The condition in an experiment that is changed  Also called the manipulated variable

Dependent variable

 As the independent variable changes it causes changes in this  Also called the responding variable  “MIX DRY” – What does this mean?

Data

   Quantitative vs. qualitative  Quantitative describes using numbers  Qualitative describes using words Think “quantity vs quality” Give a few examples of each:

QSR #15

Theories

    An “explanation” of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations Continual verification and refinement of a hypothesis Not proven or “FACT” Scientific theory is different from regular theories

Laws

  Facts of nature that generally known to be true Ex: Newton’s Laws of Motion

Technological Design…

 What if you have a new idea or way to improve the quality of human life?

  Steps for a new technological design: Identify the need → design → implement → evaluate the design  IDIE

Section Assessment pg. 20

Suppose you made the observation that bees seem to prefer a yellow flower that produces abundant amounts of pollen and nectar over a purple flower that produces less pollen and nectar. List 2 separate hypotheses that you might make about bees and flowers.

Students might hypothesize that bees prefer yellow flowers to purple flowers or that bees prefer flowers with more abundant pollen.

Describe a controlled experiment you could perform to determine whether ants are more attracted to butter or honey.

 Set up an experimental chamber. Within a specific amount of time, count and record how many ants move to butter placed a specific distance from the ants. Repeat several times. Repeat using honey in place of the butter.

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis.

 A hypothesis is a testable explanation for a question. A theory is a refined explanation supported by many different experiments.

Why do experiments usually require a control?

 A control provides greater certainty that observed results are not due to chance or other variables.

Describe a way that a baker might conduct a controlled experiment with a cookie recipe.

 Prepare one batch of cookies by following a recipe and another batch of cookies by varying a single variable in the recipe, such as the amount of sugar.

Review the Inside Story. What happens when a hypothesis is not confirmed? What does the position of the word theory indicate about the strength of a scientific theory compared to the strength of a hypothesis?

A new, revised hypothesis is tested or the experiment may be changed. Theories are supported by the results of a variety of experiments.

1.3 The Nature of Biology

 Kinds of research  Quantitative vs qualatative  SI units are used for measuring  Consistency  Easy changed  Based on units of 10

Science and Society

 Knowledge is not bad. It is society’s intentions that must be considered when knowledge is gained.

 Ethics – refers to the moral principles and values held by humans  Society must be responsible with the knowledge

Future of science

  Can science answer all questions?

Can technology solve all problems?

 Benefits  Risks  Soil irrigation

Section Assessment pg. 25

Why is important that scientific experiments be repeated?

 To see if the results are repeatable, thus confirming their authenticity

Compare and contrast quantitative and descriptive research.

 Quantitative research reports data in numerical values based on measuring. Descriptive research reports data in written descriptions based on observations.

Why is science considered to be a combination of fact and process?

 A scientist needs a background of knowledge in his or her field. The scientific process increases that knowledge.

Why Is technology not the solution to all scientific problems?

 Some problems do not have a scientific basis. Some technological solutions may pose more problems than they solve.

Biomedical research has led to the development of technology that can keep elderly, very ill patients alive. How does the statement “The results of research aren’t good or bad; they just are,” apply to such research.

The biomedical researchers sought to increase knoledge. The application of the resulting technology is a question society must answer.

Look at the graph in Figure 1-16. Why do you think the high temperature side of the graph drops off more sharply than the low temperature side.

Paramecia die above a certain temperature. This results in a rapid drop in numbers once this temperature is reached. They are better able to suvive as low temperatures rise, thus the graph reflects this increased survival.

Chapter 1 Assessment pg. 29--31

Main Ideas 1.1

 Biology is the organized study of living things and their interactions with the natural and physical environments.

 All living things have 4 characteristics in common: organization, reproduce, growth and development, and the ability to adjust to the environment

Vocabulary 1.1

       Adaptation Biology Development Energy Environment Evolution growth        Homeostasis Organism Organization Reproduction Response Species stimulus

Main Ideas 1.2

 Biologists use controlled experiments to obtain data that either do or do not support a hypothesis. By publishing the results and conclusions of an experiment, a scientist allows other to try to verify the results. Repeated verification over time leads to the development of a theory.

Vocabulary 1.2

     Control Data Dependent variable Experiment hypothesis     Independent variable Safety symbols Scientific methods theory

Main Ideas 1.3

 Biologists do their work in laboratories and in the field. They collect both quantitative and descriptive data from their experiments and investigations.

 Scientists conduct investigations to increase knowledge about the natural world. Scientific results may help solve some problems, but not all.

Vocabulary 1.3

  Ethics technology

Understanding Main Ideas

1. For experiments to be considered valid, the results must be 

D. Repeatable

2.

 Reproduction is an important life characteristic because all living things

A. Replace themselves

3.

4.

The photograph to the right is an example of which characteristic of life 

C. development

Which of the following is an appropriate scientific question?



A. How do paramecia behave when a pond begins to dry up?

Understanding Main Ideas

5.

6.

 If data from repeated experiments do not support the hypothesis, what is the scientist’s next step?

B. Revise the hypothesis

 Similar-liiking organisms, such as dogs showen below, that can interbreed and prdocue fertile offspring are called

D. A species

7.

8.

 The envirnment includes

A. Air, water, weather

 Which of the following terms are most releated to each other

C. Adaption- evolution

Understanding Main Ideas

9.

Which of the following is not an appropriate question for science to consider?

11.

The information gained from an 

B. Which type

experiment is called 10.

of orchid flower is most beautiful?

The single factor that is altered in an experiment is the 

data

12.

The application of scientific research to society’s needs is 

technology



D. Independent variable

Understanding Main Ideas

13.

A procedure that tests a hypothesis is an 

experiment

14.

Processes that scientist use to solve a problem are called 

Scientific methods

15.

An explanation of a natural phenomenon with a high degree of confidence is a 

theory

16.

The group that is not altered in an experiment is 

control

Understanding Main Ideas

17.

 The single change in the manipulated group in an experiment is an

independent

18.

 When a horse swats a fly with its tail, the fly is the ____ and the swat of the tail is a _____

Stimulus



response

19.

 The idea that germs are the cause of disease has been continuously supported by experiments and has, therefore, been elevated to the status of a

theory

20.

 The standard group against which others are measured in an experiment is a

control

Understanding Main Ideas

21. Describe how the human body shows the life characteristic of organization.

 It is composed of cells, which are organized into tissues and organs, which are organized into body systems

Understanding Main Ideas

22.

Explain the relationships among an organism’s environment, adaptations, and evolution.

 Evolution is the result of organisms adapting to environmental changes.

Understanding Main Ideas

23.

 Consider the following items: a flame, bubbles blown from a bubble wand, and a balloon released into the air. List characteristics of each that might indicate life and those that indicate they are not alive.

A flame has energy and may appear to grow and reproduce. Bubbles blown from a wand move and may grow. A balloon released into air moves. These objects cannot adapt to changes in the environment or maintain homeostasis.

Understanding Main Ideas

24. Complete the concept map by using the following vocabulary terms: experiment, theory, hypothesis, scientific methods

Read the paragraphs in the box and answer the question that follows.

 A biologist named Katharine Payne visited the elephants at a zoo. She felt the air around her throbbing like the rumbling of thunder. When she felt the air throb, she noticed that the skin on the foreheads of the elephants moved.

 Also, the elephants seemed to communicate without making any noise. They did not make a sound, but they would start and stop moving at the same time. Payne knew that some animals, such as whales, made sounds too low for humans to hear. She thought, “Maybe elephants, like whales, use low sounds to communicate with each other.”

Is the research done by Payne Quantitative or Descriptive?