Transcript DBC-e05-Chapter-02-PP

DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J. AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 5th Edition
Chapter Two
The Relational Model
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Chapter Objectives
• Learn the conceptual foundation of the relational
model
• Understand how relations differ from non-relational
tables
• Learn basic relational terminology
• Learn the meaning and importance of keys, foreign
keys, and related terminology
• Understand how foreign keys represent
relationships
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Chapter Objectives
(continued)
• Learn the purpose and use of surrogate keys
• Learn the meaning of functional dependencies
• Learn to apply a process for normalizing relations
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Entity
• An entity is something of importance
to a user that needs to be
represented in a database
• An entity represents one theme or
topic
• In an entity-relationship model
(discussed in Chapter 4), entities are
restricted to things that can be
represented by a single table
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Relation
• A relation is a two-dimensional table
that has specific characteristics
• The table dimensions, like a matrix,
consist of rows and columns
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Characteristics of a Relation
• Rows contain data about an entity
• Columns contain data about attributes of
the entity
• Cells of the table hold a single value
• All entries in a column are of the same
kind
• Each column has a unique name
• The order of the columns is unimportant
• The order of the rows is unimportant
• No two rows may be identical
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A Sample Relation
EmployeeNumber
100
101
104
107
FirstName
Mary
Jerry
Alex
Megan
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LastName
Abernathy
Cadley
Copley
Jackson
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A Non-relation Example
Cells of the table hold multiple values
EmployeeNumber
Phone
100
335-6421,
454-9744
101
215-7789
104
610-9850
107
299-9090
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LastName
Abernathy
Cadley
Copley
Jackson
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A Non-relation Example
No two rows may be identical
EmployeeNumber
100
101
104
100
107
Phone
335-6421
215-7789
610-9850
335-6421
299-9090
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LastName
Abernathy
Cadley
Copley
Abernathy
Jackson
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Terminology
Synonyms…
Table
Row
Column
File
Record
Field
Relation
Tuple
Attribute
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A Key
• A key is one (or more) columns of a
relation that is (are) used to identify a
row
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Uniqueness of Keys
Unique Key
Data value is unique
for each row.
Consequently, the
key will uniquely
identify a row.
Nonunique Key
Data value may be
shared among
several rows.
Consequently, the
key will identify a set
of rows.
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A Composite Key
• A composite key is a key that
contains two or more attributes
• For a key to be unique, it must often
become a composite key
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Composite Key Example
• To identify a family member, you need to know a
FamilyID, a FirstName, and a Suffix (e.g., Jr.)
• The composite key is:
(FamilyID, FirstName, Suffix)
• One needs to know the value of all three columns
to uniquely identify an individual
• Better example: CourseSections
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A Candidate Key
• A candidate key is called “candidate”
because it is a candidate to become
the primary key
• A candidate key is a unique key
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A Primary Key
• A primary key is a candidate key
chosen to be the main key for the
relation
• If you know the value of the primary
key, you will be able to uniquely
identify a single row
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Defining the Primary Key in
Microsoft Access
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Defining the Primary Key in
Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2
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Defining the Primary Key in
MySQL 5.1
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A Surrogate Key
• A surrogate key is a unique,
numeric value that is added to a
relation to serve as the primary key
• Surrogate key values have no
meaning to users and are usually
hidden on forms, queries and reports
• A surrogate key is often used in
place of a composite primary key
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Surrogate Key Example
• If the Family Member primary key is FamilyID,
FirstName, Suffix, it would be easier to append and
use a surrogate key of FamMemberID
• FamilyID, FirstName and Suffix remain in the
relation
• Better example: CourseSections
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Relationships Between Tables
• A table may be related to other tables
• For example
– An Employee works in a Department
– A Manager controls a Project
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A Foreign Key
• To preserve relationships, you may
need to create a foreign key
• A foreign key is a primary key from
one table placed into another table
• The key is called a foreign key in the
table that received the key
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Foreign Key Example I
Project
Manager
Primary Key
ProjID
MgrID
ProjName
MgrName
MgrID
Foreign Key
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Foreign Key Example II
Department
Employee
Primary Key
DeptID
EmpID
DeptName
DeptID
Location
Foreign Key
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EmpName
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Referential Integrity
• Referential integrity states that every
value of a foreign key must match a value
of an existing primary key
• For example (see previous slide)
– If EmpID = 4 in EMPLOYEE has a DeptID
= 7 (a foreign key), a Department with
DeptID = 7 must exist in DEPARTMENT
– The primary key value must exist before
the foreign key value is entered
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Referential Integrity
• Another perspective…
The value of the Foreign Key EmployeeID
in EQUIPMENT
must exist in
The values of the Primary Key EmployeeID
in EMPLOYEE
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Foreign Keys in
Microsoft Access
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Foreign Keys in
Microsoft SQL Server 2005
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Foreign Keys in
MySQL
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The Null Value
• A Null value means that no data
was entered
• This is different from a zero, space
character or tab character
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The Problem of Null Values
• A Null is often ambiguous. It could
mean…
– The column value is not appropriate for
the specific row
– The column value is not decided
– The column value is unknown
• Each may have entirely different
implications
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Functional Dependency
• See supplementary handout
• A relationship between attributes in which one
attribute (or group of attributes) determines the
value of another attribute in the same table
• Illustration…
– The price of one cookie can determine the
price of a box of 12 cookies
(CookiePrice, Qty)
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BoxPrice
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Determinants
• The attribute (or attributes) that we
use as the starting point (the variable
on the left side of the equation) is
called a determinant
(CookiePrice, Qty)
BoxPrice
Determinant
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Candidate/Primary Keys
and Functional Dependency
• By definition…
A candidate key of a relation will
functionally determine all other
attributes in the row
• Likewise, by definition…
A primary key of a relation will
functionally determine all other
attributes in the row
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Primary Key and Functional
Dependency Example
(EmployeeID)
(ProjectID)
(EmpLastName,
EmpPhone)
(ProjectName,
StartDate)
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Normalization
• A process of analyzing a relation to
ensure that it is well formed
• More specifically, if a relation is
normalized (well formed), rows can
be inserted, deleted or modified
without creating update anomalies
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Normalization Principles
• Relational design principles for
normalized relations:
– To be a well-formed relation, every
determinant must be a candidate key
– Any relation that is not well formed
should be broken into two or more wellformed relations.
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Normalization Example
(StudentID)
(StudentName,
DormName, DormCost)
However, if…
(DormName)
(DormCost)
Then DormCost should be placed into its own relation,
resulting in the relations:
(StudentID)
(StudentName,
DormName)
(DormName)
(DormCost)
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Normalization Example
(AttorneyID,
ClientID)
(ClientName,
MeetingDate, Duration)
However, if…
(ClientID)
(ClientName)
Then ClientName should be placed into its own relation,
resulting in the relations:
(AttorneyID,
ClientID)
(ClientID)
(MeetingDate, Duration)
(ClientName)
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DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J. AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 5th Edition
End of Presentation on Chapter Two
The Relational Model
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the
United States of America.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (5th Edition)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Educations, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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