Transcript Introduction to Information Technology Mind Tools for Your Future

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Server
Program
Client
Network
CPU
Operating System
bit, byte, kilobyte,
megabyte …
Memory
Storage
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Expansion Slots
MHz
Application Software
Upload
FTP
IT
Network Drive
World Wide Web
Internet
etc.
Introduction to Information Technology
Is this really all that important to
know ?
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Introduction to Information Technology
Will there be computers in your
place of work?
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Introduction to Information Technology
Will you have to communicate with
those you work with?
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Becoming Computer Savvy
Understand general computer terms.
 Have a better sense of computers when
buying.
 Know how to fix ordinary problems
 Efficiently use the Internet
 Know how to learn new and different
programs
Introduction to Information Technology
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Using Information
Technology
Chapter 1
Introduction to Information Technology
Your Digital World
What is a computer?
A programmable machine
 A machine that accepts input (raw
data), processes that input, and
produces output (information).
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What is a network?
Two or more computers connected
together using communications
equipment.
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Being “online” – using a computer to access information
from another computer through the use of a network.
The Internet
World Wide Web
E-mail
Information technology (“infotech”):
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IT - Technology that helps in the production, processing, storing,
communication and dissemination of information.
The E-World (E-business, E-commerce, E-government,
E-learning, E-pinions, E-tailing, E-waste)
Introduction to Information Technology
Then along came …
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Cyberspace
 encompasses the whole wired and wireless world
of communications.
 Term created by William Gibson – author
 Not a commonly used term in the field of
Computer Science.
Internet
 A global network of networks (tangible)
 Do not confuse with WWW.
World Wide Web
 Most common use of the Internet
 Encompasses information that can be viewed
through a web browser (web pages).
 Do not confuse with the Internet.
Introduction to Information Technology
The Internet, the World Wide Web, & the
“Plumbing of Cyberspace”
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1.2 The “All-Purpose Machine”:
The Varieties of Computers
1. Supercomputers
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers
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2. Mainframes
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Fastest computer
Can cost one million to 350
million dollars
looks like rows of refrigeratorsize boxes
Consists of thousands of
processors and can carry out
several trillion calculations per
second.
Used for computer simulations
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tracking hurricanes, biological
contamination, or
understanding ocean currents.
Introduction to Information Technology
Supercomputers
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Small mainframes (midsize computers or
minicomputers).
5,000 to 5 million dollars
Used in large
organizations – banks,
airlines, insurance
companies, colleges.
Processes billions of
instructions per second.
Often used with a
terminal.
Introduction to Information Technology
Mainframes
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usually used for complex
scientific, mathematical,
and engineering
calculations and for
computer-aided design
Example: designing
airplanes, special effects
in movies
Introduction to Information Technology
Workstations
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Microcomputer
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$500 - $5000
Personal Computer (PC)
PC
 Desktop PC
 Laptop / Notebook
 Personal digital assistants
(PDAs), also called
handheld computers or
palmtops
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Mac
 While
a Mac is a PC, most
people relate the term, PC,
with systems that run the
Windows operating system.
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 Tower
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Personal Digital Assistant
Laptop computer
Introduction to Information Technology
Other types of microcomputers.
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tiny, specialized
microprocessors
installed in “smart”
appliances and
automobiles
also called embedded
computers
Introduction to Information Technology
Microcontrollers
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Servers
The
word “server” refers to how a computer is
Clients
- PCs, workstations, & other devices
attached to a server
Server
+ Clients linked together form a
client/server network
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used.
Server - a central computer that holds collections
of data & programs for clients
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How Computers Work
The purpose of a computer is to process
data into information.
 Data (Input)
 The
raw facts and figures that are processed into
information
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Information (Output)
 Data
that has been summarized or otherwise
manipulated for use in decision making
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Hardware
 All the machinery and equipment in a
computer system
 Tangible
Software
 All the instructions that tell the computer
how to perform a task
 Intangible
Introduction to Information Technology
Computers consist of hardware and
software.
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1.
Input
2.
Processing
3.
Storage
4.
Output
5.
Communications
Introduction to Information Technology
All computers follow the same five
basic operations.
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Keyboard
Mouse
Introduction to Information Technology
Input
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Processing
- Manipulating data into information
Case or system cabinet
 the
box that houses
the processor chip
(CPU – Central Processing Unit)
 memory chips (RAM)
 motherboard with power supply
 secondary storage devices
 video card
 Etc. …..
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Motherboard - the main
circuit board in the
computer.
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Everything else attaches
to the motherboard
through connections
called ports.
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Expansion slots - “plugs”
on the motherboard for
expanding the PC’s
capabilities via additional
circuit boards.
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Motherboard
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Processing
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Back
Processor chip
A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature
electronic circuits.
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Front
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Storage
Primary storage
 Computer
circuitry that temporarily holds data
waiting to be processed and after it has been
processed
 Also called:
Memory or primary memory
 RAM – Random Access Memory
 Temporary storage
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Memory chips
Introduction to Information Technology
RAM
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Secondary storage
 The
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Storage
Introduction to Information Technology
area in the computer where data or
information is held permanently
 Also simply called:
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Storage capacity is measured in:
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1 byte - 1 character is represented using 1 byte.
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1 kilobyte - 1,024 characters.
= 210 bytes (approx. 103 bytes)
1 megabyte - 1,048,576 characters.
= 220 bytes (approx. 106 bytes)
1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters.
= 230 bytes (approx. 109 bytes)
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1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters.
= 240 bytes (approx. 1012 bytes)
Introduction to Information Technology
= 8 bits (a bit is a 0 or a 1)
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Zip disk
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Storage
Floppy disk
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Hard-disk drive
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Storage
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CD drive
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Storage
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Flash Memory Sticks
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Storage
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Speakers
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Output
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Sound card
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Speaker output requires a sound
card.
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Monitor
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Output
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A video card controls the video
display of your monitor.
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Printer
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Output
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Introduction to Information Technology
Communications
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Introduction to Information Technology
Put all the hardware together and…
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System software
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Helps the computer
perform essential
operating tasks and
enables the
application software
to run
Introduction to Information Technology
You still need the software!
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Application software
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Enables you to
perform specific
tasks--solve
problems, perform
work, or entertain
yourself
Introduction to Information Technology
You still need the software!
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Introduction to Information Technology
The slides that follow will not
be covered in class.
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1.4 Where Is Information
Technology Headed?
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Miniaturization
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Speed
Then (1946)
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Affordability
Now
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Three Directions of Computer
Development
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Connectivity
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Interactivity
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Multimedia
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Three Directions of
Communications Development
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Convergence
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Portability
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Personalization
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When Computers &
Communications Combine:
Convergence, Portability, &
Personalization
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Speed and scale
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Unpredictability
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Complexity
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“E” Also Stands for Ethics
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Learn to deal with information overload
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Have a strategy to memorize information:
reduce dependence on technology
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Learn how to make your “multitasking”
efficient
Introduction to Information Technology
Onward: Handling Information in
the Era of Pervasive Computing
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Onward: Handling Information in
the Era of Pervasive Computing
Be aware that “smart mobs” could also be
dumb mobs: Know when technology is
being used against you.
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What are the two key components of information
technology?
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Computers and communications
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Concept Check
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What are the two key aspects of cyberspace?
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The Internet and the World Wide Web
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Concept Check
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What are the five sizes of computers from
largest to smallest?
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Supercomputer, mainframe, workstation,
microcomputer, microcontroller
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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What is a LAN?
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A local area network is a connected group of
desktop PCs and other devices such as printers,
normally located in an office or building.
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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Which size of computer is also called an
“embedded computer?”
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Microcontroller
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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What is the term for a computer used to hold
collections of data and programs for connecting
PCs, workstations, and other devices?
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Server
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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Concept Check
What are the five basic operations that
computers have in common?
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Input, processing, storage, output, and
communications
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Concept Check
Which type of storage is composed of computer
circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be
processed?
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Primary storage (memory)
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What computer device consists of electronic
circuitry that executes instructions to process
data?
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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Are RAM chips used for primary or secondary
storage?
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Primary - they’re also called memory chips.
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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What is the name of the main circuit board in the
computer, to which everything else is attached
via connections called ports?
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Motherboard
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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How many characters can be represented by a
byte? A kilobyte?
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A byte represents a single character; 1, 024
characters make a kilobyte
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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What is the name for the unit of storage capacity
representing one billion characters?
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One gigabyte
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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What is the name for any component or piece of
equipment that expands a computer’s input,
storage, and/or output capabilities? A zip-disk
drive is an example of this type of component.
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Peripheral device
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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What type of software includes the operating
system and the master control program that runs
the computer?
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System software
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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