Transcript American Imperialism - Moore Public Schools

Imperialism = a policy of
conquering and ruling other lands
Imperialism = a policy of
conquering and ruling other lands
Imperialism - 5 Reasons
1. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
• Search for new markets and raw materials
• Commodity – anything bought or sold, an
article of commerce
1. Commercial/Business Interests
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
- Entrepreneurs wanted to
sell their goods and invest in
foreign markets
2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan 
military historian and Naval Officer
who transformed America into a Naval Power. He wrote The
Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783
3. Social Darwinism/Nationalism
 "White Man's Burden":
racist patronizing that
preached that the
“superior” Westerners had
an obligation to bring their
culture to “uncivilized”
peoples in other parts of
the world - Poem by Rudyard Kipling
Social Darwinism
- Certain races and
nations are superior
to others!
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
Missionary work: far more
successful in Africa than in
Asia and Islamic world.
American
Missionaries
in China, 1905
5. Closing the American Frontier
Frederick
Jackson Turner
– American
historian who
claimed the
frontier “closed”.
• Caused
America to fear
a lack of
resources
Commodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View
of Commodore
Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
• Secretary of State William
Seward purchased Alaska
from the Russians for the
U.S.
• Americans thought Alaska
was a frozen tundra with no
resources.
• $7.2 million
Almost doubled America
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!
1893 – American businessmen backed an
uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian
Annexation
Ceremony, 1898
• During
outbreak of
war
Annexation – 1898 Congress declared Hawaii an
official U.S. territory.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgYdlFI1NM8
SpanishAmerican
War
American war with
Spain over economic
interest and control of
trade with Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines.
“A Splendid Little War” John Hay,
Secretary of State, 1898
Remember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?
Sinking of the Maine in Havana
Harbor
What?
•USS Maine explodes in Havana, Cuba
Harbor,
•Most Americans believe it was Spain’s
fault
•1976 US Navy analyzed the sunken
ship, decided that the hull blew OUT not
IN
How did it lead to war?
•“Spark” that started the war
•“Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!”
24
Slide Analysis: Headline
of the Maine Explosion
• Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?
2/17/1898 New York World
25
Background:
• Who?
•Spain vs. America
Where?
•Phillipines, Cuba (Spain’s Colonies)
Cuba
Philippines
26
Why?
• Help give
freedom to
Spain’s
colonies!
27
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
Spain’s Reconcentration Policy
What?
•Civilians were forced into government
run camps (with bad conditions)
Why?
• Spain was fighting a guerilla war and needed to
separate “good” from “bad guys”
• Jose Marti – Cuban patriot who launched a war
for independence from Spain
How did it lead to war?
• Made Spain look bad in American eyes
29
“Reconcentration” Policy
American Economic Interests
What?
•Many of Cuba’s sugar plantations
were owned by Americans
Why?
• Protecting their economic
interests
How did it lead to war?
•Made Americans more likely to help out
Cuba
31
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
William Randolph Hearst
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
“Yellow Journalists”
What?
• Goal: Newspaper created highly exaggerated
stories/propaganda
• Jingoism – aggressive nationalism of Americans
Why?
• Goal - Make more $ if they keep you(reader)
scared and interested
How did it lead to war?
• Newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and
William Randolph Hearst heightened the public’s
dislike of the Spanish government.
33•Made Americans want war!
Slide Analysis/Observation
Cartoon
34
Declaration of War
• Fear gripped the Nation
• McKinley – 1989 – asked congress for
authority to use force again Spain to protect
Cuba
• Congress passed 4 resolutions – Declaring
War!
• Teller Amendment – 4th resolution that
stipulated that the U.S. had no intention of
annexing Cuba.
Dewey Captures Manila!
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
Manila Bay
• What Happened at
Manila Bay?
• Surprise naval
attack sunk the
crumbling Spanish
Navy
• Made
Americans feel
very superior
38
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino
Uprising.
July 4, 1946:
Philippine independence
Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary
of the Navy in the
McKinley
administration.
Imperialist and
American nationalist.
Criticized President
McKinley as having
the backbone of a
chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to
fight in Cuba.
Rough Riders
• Who were the Rough Riders? Who was
their leader?
•Teddy Roosevelt
resigns as Assistant
Secretary of the Navy
to lead a volunteer
“Cowboy Calvary”
• Brought his own
photographer
•Teddy’s popularity from
this leads to his becoming
Vice President under
McKinley
41
Rough Riders
• What famous Battle did they participate in?
• San Juan
Hill
• African Americans
also helped but get
no credit (page 260)
42
The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of
Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain
$20 mil. for the
Philippines.
The U. S. becomes
an imperial power!
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William
James, and William
Jennings Bryan among
the leaders.
Campaigned against
the annexation of the
Philippines and other
acts of imperialism.
The Imperialist Tailor
President McKinley
stated
“take them all, and to
educate the Filipinos,
and uplift and
civilize…them”
Was McKinley and
imperialist or antiimperialist?
Thinking Slide
Are you pro Imperialism or
Anti-imperialism? Explain!
Class Debate!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inm8U8pDDXE
46
Emilio Aguinaldo
After Spanish-American war
U.S. kept Philippines as a
possession
Emilio Aguinaldo -Leader of
the Filipino Uprising or
Insurrection.
Guerilla warfare – insurgents
blended in and used this
method of combat to conduct
surprise hit and run attacks
5,000 deaths
200,000 Filipino deaths
William H. Taft,
1st
Governor General of the Philippines
Great administrator.
Jones Act
Acted like a constitution for the
Philippines
The law, enacted by Congress on
August 29, 1916, contained the
first formal and official
declaration of the United States
Federal Government's
commitment to grant
independence to the Philippines
A framework for a "more
autonomous government“
July 4, 1946:
Philippine independence
Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
A Japanese note agreeing
to deny passports to
laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S.
right to exclude Japanese
immigrants holding passports
issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got the
school board of San Francisco
to rescind their order to
segregate Asians in separate
schools.
The Monroe Doctrine - 1823
US foreign policy
regarding Latin American
countries in 1823.
It stated that further
efforts by European
nations to colonize land or
interfere with states
in the North or
South would be viewed as
acts of aggression,
requiring U.S. intervention
President James Monroe
March 1817 – March 1825
- Secretary of
State
John Quincy
Adams
- Author of the
Monroe
Doctrine
Lodge Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Non-European powers,
like Japan, would be
excluded from owning
territory in the
Western
Hemisphere.
Our “Sphere of Influence”
• U.S. wanted trade
with China
• 1899 – Britain,
France, Germany,
and Russia had
carved China in
zones “spheres”
• Causes limited
access to trade
for U.S.
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
Boxer Rebellion -Patriotic
uprising by Chinese nationalists
against Western encroachment,
was put down by imperial (U.S.,
Europeans, Japanese) powers in
1900
U.S. states no colonies would
be in China, just wanted free
trade
Manchu dynasty would soon
fall
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”
The Open Door Policy
Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal
access to trade in China, urged the Europeans to
allow free trade within China while respecting its
territorial integrity
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.
Russo-Japanese War (1904)
• Russia and Japan
both had designs on
Manchuria and Korea
• Japanese concerned
about Russian TransSiberian Railway
across Manchuria
• Japan destroyed
Russian fleet off
coast of Korea and
won major battles on
land although
Russians turned the
tide on land
• Westerners horrified
that Japan had
defeated a major
Western power.
Russo-Japanese War (1904)
• Treaty of Portsmouth
(mediated by U.S. president
Theodore Roosevelt) ended war
with Japan winning major
concessions (preferred position
in Manchuria, protectorate in
Korea, half of Sakhalin Island –
Japan also went on to annex
Korea
• Long-term impact of war:
Russia turned to the Balkans,
and Russia’s political situation
deteriorated further, leading to
the Russian Revolution
• Japan’s victory stimulated
Asian nationalism – various
Asian peoples hoped to emulate
Japanese power and win their
independence
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
America as a Pacific Power
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfsfoFqsFk4
The Great White Fleet: 1907
• Popular nickname for the
U.S. Navy battle fleet
that completed
a curcimnavigation of the
globe from 16 December
1907 to 22 February
1909 by order
of President Roosevelt.
• Show of force to the
World!
The Cares of a Growing Family
Constable of the World
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MAsMwJghh8
Cuban Independence?
Teller Amendment (1898)
Platt Amendment (1903)
Senator
Orville Platt
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign
powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary
to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval
and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Puerto Rico: 1898
1900 - Foraker Act.
 PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
 Citizens of PR, not of the US.
 Import duties on PR goods
1901-1903  the Insular Cases.
 Constitutional rights were not automatically
extended to territorial possessions.
 Congress had the power to decide these rights.
 Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act
were legal!
Puerto Rico: 1898
1917 – Jones Act.
 Gave full territorial status to PR.
 Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming
into the US.
 PRs elected their
own legislators &
governor to enforce
local laws.
 PRs could NOT vote
in US presidential
elections.
 A resident commissioner was sent to
Washington to vote for PR in the House.
Panama: The King’s Crown
1850  Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty.
1901  Hay-Paunceforte
Treaty.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla,
agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.
1903  Hay-BunauVarilla Treaty.
Panama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in
1904)
The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require
intervention by some
civilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United
States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the
United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the
exercise of an
international police power .
Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!
Taft’s “Dollar
Diplomacy”
Improve financial
opportunities for
American businesses.
Use private capital to
further U. S. interests
overseas.
Therefore, the U.S.
should create stability
and order abroad that
would best promote
America’s commercial
interests.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico
and puts Madero in prison where he was
murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought
against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying
Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in
Mexico.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Venustiano Carranza
Pancho Villa
Porfirio
Diaz
Francisco I
Madero
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should
be the conscience
of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.
Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with Pancho
Villa in 1914.
U. S. Global Investments &
Investments in Latin America, 1914
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfsfoFqsFk4
U. S. Interventions in
Latin America: 1898-1920s
Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”