Transcript Motivation
Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress • What is motivation? • What are the different types of individual needs? • What role does reinforcement play in motivation? Module 37: Motivational Concepts Drives and Motivations • Motivation—the forces within the individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work. • Reward—a work outcome of positive value to the individual • Extrinsic rewards—valued outcomes given to someone by another person. • Intrinsic rewards—valued outcomes that occur naturally as a person works on a task. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology • Instinct (fixed pattern) –Instincts in animals –Instincts in humans Drives and Motivations • Drive-reduction theory –Homeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction A Hierarchy of Motives Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses Module 38: Hunger Motivation What can hunger motivate human to do? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6DoIzN w4xU The Physiology of Hunger • Contractions of the stomach –Washburn study The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain • Glucose • Insulin • Hypothalamus –Lateral hypothalamus • orexin –Vetromedial hypothalamus The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain • Appetite hormones –Ghrelin –Obestatin –PYY –Leptin • Set point • Basal metabolic rate The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture • Taste preferences –Genetic: sweet and salty –Neophobia –Adaptive taste preferences The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture The Psychology of Hunger Situational Influences on Eating • Do you eat more when eating with others? • Unit bias • Food variety Obesity and Weight Control • • • • The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism The genetic factor The food and activity factors –Social influence Obesity and Weight Control Look How Quickly the U.S. Got Fat (1985-2010 Animated Map) • http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2 013/04/look-how-quickly-the-us-got-fat-19852010-animated-map/274878/ Module 39: Sexual Motivation The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle • Sexual response cycle –Excitement phase –Plateau phase –Orgasm –Resolution phase • Refractory period The Physiology of Sex Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias • Sexual Dysfunctions –Erectile disorder –Premature ejaculation –Female orgasmic disorder (10-15%) –Paraphilias • Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior • Effects of hormones –Development of sexual characteristics –Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen • Testosterone The Psychology of Sex • External stimuli • Imagined stimuli –Dreams –Sexual fantasies The Psychology of Sex Module 40: Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs Introduction • Aristotle’s social animal • Need to belong – affiliation need The Benefits of Belonging • Enhanced survival • How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions • Attachment –Anxious attachment –Insecure avoidant attachment The Pain of Being Shut Out • • • • Ostracism Cyberostracism Anterior cingulate cortex Influences on behavior Connecting and Social Networking Mobile Networks and Social Media • Cell phones • Texting and email • Facebook and twitter Connecting and Social Networking The Social Effects of Social Networking • Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? • Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? • Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities? – Does social networking promote narcissism? Module 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotion Cognition and Emotion Cognition and Emotion • Emotions –Bodily arousal –Expressive behaviors –Conscious experience Cognition and Emotion Historical Emotion Theories • Common Sense theory • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory –Lower spine injuries –High spinal cord injury Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer • Two-factor theory –Schachter-Singer –Spillover effect Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus • Robert Zajonc • LeDoux’s high and low road Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus • Lazarus Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System • Autonomic nervous system –Sympathetic nervous system • arousing –Parasympathetic nervous system • Calming –Yerkes Dodson Law –Fight or flee Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Embodied Emotion The Physiology of Emotions • Insula • Brain circuits • Left frontal lobe Module 42: Expressed Emotion Detecting Emotion in Others Detecting Emotion in Others • Nonverbal cues –Duchenne smile Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Culture and Emotional Expression Culture and Emotional Expression Culture and Emotional Expression The Effects of Facial Expressions The Effects of Facial Expressions • Facial feedback effect • Health psychology Module 43: Stress and Health Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress: Some Basic Concepts • Stress –Stress appraisal Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stressors – Things that Push Our Buttons • Catastrophes • Significant life changes • Daily hassles Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System • Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) –Alarm –Resistance –Exhaustion • Tend-and-befriend Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome Module 44: Stress and Illness Introduction • Psychophysiological illnesses • Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) –Lymphocytes • B lymphocytes • T lymphocytes • Macrophage • Natural killer cells (NK cells) Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and Susceptibility to Disease • Stress and AIDS • Stress and Cancer • Stress and Heart Disease –Coronary heart disease –Type A –Type B Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and Susceptibility to Disease