Transcript Student Progression: From Novice to Expert
S TUDENT F ROM N P ROGRESSION OVICE TO E : XPERT Laurie Heline CRNA, MS Clinical Coordinator Oakland University Beaumont Graduate Program of Nurse Anesthesia
O
BJECTIVES
At the conclusion of this presentation, the learner will: 1. Discuss the five stages of progression an RN takes to become a CRNA in clinical education.
2. Identify the clinical instructor's role in each of these five stages of development.
C LINICAL I NSTRUCTION I MPORTANCE
A profession that is not growing is dying.
C
LINICAL
I
NSTRUCTOR
Fill many different roles:
Anesthesia provider Employee Clinical teacher
N OVICE TO E XPERT T HEORY
Developed by Dr. Patricia Benner Develop skills over time through a sound educational base as well as a multitude of experiences Difference between “knowing that” versus “knowing how”
5 S TEPS AN RN T AKES TO CRNA B ECOME A
Novice learner Advanced Beginner Competent Student Proficient Student Expert Practitioner
Graduate students are exposed to more facts in one year than their grandparents were in a lifetime The sum of all that is known is doubling every seven years.
Think of a student at each stage Anesthesia is both a science and an art
N OVICE L EARNER
Enter as successful ICU nurses Unfamiliar with the OR Process of anesthesia is mysterious No anesthesia experience, little knowledge
N OVICE L EARNER
Learning must begin somewhere Learn from didactic work theories to guide actions Theories and rules provide general rules but do not cover all possible situations Task-oriented Vary greatly in abilities
N OVICE
Eager Enthusiastic Motivated Lack of Flexibility Anxious Afraid Uncertain Frustrated Overwhelmed
L EARNER
N
OVICE
L
EARNER
Anesthesia students in the first months Average cases: 27 cases at end of first semester 155 at end of second semester
N OVICE L EARNER W HAT CAN WE DO ?
Set clear, detailed expectations Provide as much consistency as possible Remind to focus on patient Guide in organizing tasks Checklists Mnemonics Care plans Recognize that students need to gain confidence
T HE A DVANCED B EGINNER
Generally sometime within second semester to beginning of third semester Marginally acceptable performance Acquired enough knowledge and experience to: Recognize important aspects Begin to feel comfortable Make some interventions based on experience
T HE A DVANCED B EGINNER
Students have:
Limited knowledge Misunderstood concepts May apply knowledge incorrectly
Still focused on tasks but not as overwhelmed by the environment
Small deviations from routine may derail
T HE A DVANCED B EGINNER
Perform routine preparation in 30 minutes Can plan for successive case Skills improving but can continue to struggle with mask ventilation, poor body mechanics, intubation Still need constant supervision, should be able to recognize when to ask for help
T HE A DVANCED B EGINNER
Quickly doubt own ability leading to a viscous cycle of: performance anxiety self-flagellation further failure Feel responsibility for decision making lies with those who have superior knowledge and experience
T HE A DVANCED W HAT C AN B W E EGINNER D O ?
Help student with psychomotor skills Recognize that: Dependent on instructor’s knowledge Hesitant to voice opinions Still task focused Need help with prioritization Don’t always have good rationale Allow students to make good and bad decisions
T HE A DVANCED W HAT C AN B EGINNER W E D O ?
Instructors hesitant to ask questions because think student may have more theory knowledge than them Develop stock questions Ask student to explain concept to them Help identify distinctions of common anesthesia events and share rationale for decision making
T HE C OMPETENT S TUDENT
After 150-200 anesthetics 3 rd semester end with 271 cases Able to manage an ASA 1-2 patient undergoing a simple surgical procedure with minimal assistance
T HE C OMPETENT S TUDENT
Demonstrate: Familiarity with variety of basic anesthesia situations Identify significant aspects of a situation Anticipate events that may occur Improved organizational skills Can integrate sensory input from numerous sources Ownership, becoming patient advocate Trust in self and comfort with knowledge, skills, and abilities
T HE C OMPETENT S TUDENT
Must still analyze possibilities of each situation and think through options Challenge instructor’s knowledge and authority at this stage Demonstrate competency in some areas and “novice” behavior in others Complacent
T HE C OMPETENT W HAT C AN W E S TUDENT D O ?
Suggest alternatives Ask the student to teach the instructor something When challenged by a student, understand this may be part of growth process When time is right, discuss with the student and attempt to elicit rationale for behavior
T HE P ROFICIENT S TUDENT
Not necessarily related to the number of months the student has been in the program Students soon to graduate exemplify proficient level behavior, an entry-level practitioner Can see the big picture Beginning to show signs of intuitive decision making Some technical skills excellent, others may need more practice
T HE P ROFICIENT S TUDENT
May feel overly responsible OR become overly confident Believe their knowledge is more current than instructors Results in the potential for humbling errors No longer concerned with merely performing tasks Seek to prevent common problems and minimize adverse events
T HE P ROFICIENT W HAT C AN W E S TUDENT D O ?
Encourage the independence
Remind them even seasoned practitioners:
Seek help
Share tasks
Request consultation when needed
Complacence, so continue to challenge
“Senioritis” behaviors
T HE E XPERT P RACTITIONER
Unusual for students to reach Not all CRNAs reach No longer rely on principles, rules, or guidelines Have difficulty verbalizing how they make decisions or respond to certain events Can deal with various possibilities and quickly switch plan of action
T HE E XPERT P RACTITIONER
Even expert can revert to novice role when confronted with: New drug New technique Unfamiliar situation Can still make wrong decisions
N OVICE TO E XPERT M ODEL
Way to examine SRNAs clinical growth and development Some grow rapidly, while others take longer to achieve milestones We must recognize impact we have on facilitating or hindering learning as we are held in high esteem by students
C
LINICAL
I
NSTRUCTORS
Thank you for all you do for our students and the profession of Nurse Anesthesia!
B IBLIOGRAPHY
Benner PA. From Novice to Expert: Excellence
and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice.
Commemorative Ed Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-hall, Inc, 2001.
Benner PA, Tanner PA, Chesla CA. Expertise in
Nursing Practice: Caring, Clinical Judgment,
and Ethics. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, Inc; 1996.
Hendrichs B, Thompson J. A Resource for Nurse Anesthesia Educators. Park Ridge, Ill: AANA Publishing, Inc; 2009.
http://currentnursing.com
accessed 6/15/2011 http://typhongroup.net
accessed 9/15/2011